Timothy Bohen

Emerald Thread: The Irish in Buffalo

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Chapter 1

1. Samuel Wilkeson, “Recollections of the West and the First Building of Buffalo Harbor,” Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society, vol. 5, (1902), 148-150.
2. Roughly thirty years prior to the Wilkesons’ journey, in 1755, another Scots Irish family, the Jemisons, settled in central Pennsylvania and were captured by a small party of Shawnee Indians. The entire family was killed except for their twelve-year-old daughter, Mary Jemison, who was eventually taken to western New York (south of Rochester) by her Seneca Indian husband. Her storied life was retold in the Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison (1824). Jemison spent her last two years in Buffalo, where she died at age 90, and is considered one of the first permanent Irish residents in western New York.
3. H. Perry Smith, ed., History of Buffalo and Erie County, Vol 1, (D. Mason & Company, 1884), 685.
4. Ibid.
5. Peter L. Bernstein, Wedding of the Waters, (W.W. Norton & Co., 2006), 287.
6. Wilma Laux, The Village of Buffalo: 1900-1832, Vol III, Buffalo and Erie Historical Society, (1960), 13.
7. Wilkeson’s book A Concise History of the American Colonies in Liberia (1839) can be read on www.loc.gov.
8. Smith, History of Buffalo and Erie County, Vol 1, 688.
9. Smith, History of Buffalo and Erie County, Vol 1, 688.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (2018), 238.
13. Ibid, 239.
14. Wilkeson would probably be disappointed to see that 37% of the Blacks in the Buffalo-Niagara area are living in poverty compared to just about 10% of whites.
15. Poet Seamus Heaney about David Hammond, in On Seamus Heaney (2020), Roy Foster, 13.
16. Thomas Donohue, History of the Catholic Church in Western New York, (1904), 112.
17. Ibid.
18. John MacManus, Mary Lynch O’Rourke: The Simple Story of an Eighteenth Century Gentlewoman, (Buffalo, NY 1903), 9. John’s last name often showed up as McManus but sometimes spelled MacManus.
19. Ibid, 9.
20. Ibid, 15.
21. “John McManus Succumbs After Lingering Illness,” Buffalo Courier, March 12, 1908.
22. Donohue, History of the Catholic Church in Western New York, 113.
23. Ibid.
24. MacManus, Mary Lynch O’Rourke, 12.
25. Ibid, 13.
26. Ibid, 18.
27. Ibid, 21.
28. Ibid, 19.
29. Ibid, 19.
30. Ibid, 22.
31. Ibid, 25 (referencing the Buffalo Catholic Sentinel).
32. Peter Way, Common Labor: Workers and the Digging of the North American Canals (1993), 139.
33. George J. Svejda, “Irish Immigrant Participation in the Construction of the Erie Canal,” paper for the National Park Service (1969), 28.
34. Patrick McGreevy, Stairway to Empire, SUNY Press (2009), 59.
35. Ibid, 59-60.
36. George E. Condon, Stars in the Water: The Story of the Erie Canal, (1974), 66.
37. Donohue, History of the Catholic Church in Western New York, 111.
38. McGreevy, Stairway to Empire, 48.
39. Condon, Stars in the Water, 66.
40. McGreevy, Stairway to Empire, 52.
41. James Zibro, “The Irish American Heritage Museum presents the Irish and the Erie Canal,” (n.d.), 8.
42. McGreevy, Stairway to Empire, 58.
43. Ibid, 81.
44. Ibid, 81.
45. Ibid, 58.
46. Ibid, 58.
47. Ibid, 77.
48. Way, Common Labor, 287.
49. Gerard Koeppel, Bond of Union: Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire (2009), 362-63.
50. John Percy, The Erie Canal: From Lockport to Buffalo, Partner’s Press, 1979. Adapted from Percy’s book on www.buffaloah.com.
51. Koeppel, Bond of Union, 350.
52. Ibid, 361.
53. Ibid, 361.
54. Marvin Rapp, Canal Water and Whiskey (1992), 40.
55. John Percy, The Erie Canal: From Lockport to Buffalo, Partner’s Press, 1979. Adapted from Percy’s book on www.buffaloah.com. Also, Buffalo Emporium, “The Nation’s Guest” June 11, 1825.
56. Wilma Laux, The Village of Buffalo: 1900-1832, vol III, Buffalo and Erie Historical Society, (1960), 16.
57. Ann Marie Linnabery, “Niagara Discoveries: Lafayette’s 1825 visit to Niagara County,” lockportjournal.com, November 14, 2015. Also, Black Rock Gazette, “General Lafayette,” June 7, 1825.
58. Bernstein, Wedding of the Waters, 321.
59. Ibid, 282.
60. My own analysis of the 1828 Buffalo village directory.
61. My own analysis of the 1832 Buffalo city directory.
62. Thomas Donohue, History of the Catholic Church in Western New York, (1904), 118.
63. Ed Patton, America’s Crossroads: The Making of a City, (1993), 178. From an 1893 map in the Buffalo and Erie County Public Library.
64. Gerber, The Making of An American Pluralism, 122.
65. Ibid, 123.
66. Ibid, 125, and my own independent research on the 1828 and 1832 Buffalo village and city directories.
67. Eilish Ellis, “State-Aided Emigration Schemes,” Analecta Hibernica, No. 22 (1960), 368-370.
68. http://www.nysed.gov/common/nysed/files/gifcchange1.pdf (copy of letter in “How Did the Great Irish Famine Change Ireland and The World: Part 1” document).
69. “Death of Ex-Ald. Daniel Guiney,” Detroit Free Press, October 26, 1891.

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Chapter 2

1. Tyler Anbinder, Nativism & Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings, (1992), 7.
2. Ibid, 7.
3. Ibid, 7; from Oscar Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants: A Study in Acculturation (1959), 55.
4. Pat McGrath, “NUI Galway project to digitize letters from emigrants,” www.amp.rte.ie, March 16, 2021.
5. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 124.
6. Ibid, 283.
7. Ibid, 230.
8. Ibid, 283.
9. William Jenkins, Raid and Rebellion: The Irish in Buffalo and Toronto (McGill-Queen’s Univ. Press, 2013), 10.
10. Ibid, 200.
11. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 124.
12. Patton, America’s Crossroad, 106.
13. Proceedings of the Common Council of the City of Buffalo, Commercial Advertiser (1881), 10.
14. 1880 Commerce, Manufactures and Resources of Buffalo and Environs, Commercial Publishing, 1880, 10.
15. Gerber, Making of an American Pluralism, 132.
16. Jenkins, Raid and Rebellion, 98.
17. Ibid, 34.
18. Ibid, 98.
19. Author’s analysis of the 1880 Federal Census for the residents of the Providence Insane Asylum.
20. Jean Richardson, History of the Sisters of Charity Hospital, (Edwin Mellen Press, 2005), introduction.
21. Ibid, 4.
22. Ibid, 22.
23. Ibid, 26.
24. Ibid, 4.
25. Ibid, 27.
26. Byron Dagget, Historical Sketch of the Buffalo Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, (A.T. Brown: 1893).
27. Richardson, A History of the Sisters of Charity Hospital, 8.
28. Sioban Nelson, Say Little, Do Much: Nurses, Nuns and Hospitals (2001), 42-43.
29. Richardson, A History of the Sisters of Charity Hospital, 1.
30. William Jenkins, “The Famine Irish Legacy in Buffalo,” accessed on YouTube June 26, 2020.
31. Richardson, A History of the Sisters of Charity Hospital, 80.
32. “Lester Brace and the Poor,” Buffalo Courier, October 16, 1848.
33. Ibid.
34. Richardson, A History of the Sisters of Charity Hospital, 169.
35. Ibid, 165.
36. Gerald Kelly, The Life of Mother Hieronymo, (Christopher Press, 1948), 3.
37. Ibid, 5.
38. Nelson, Say Little, Do Much, 50.
39. 1880 US Federal Census.
40. Nelson, Say Little, Do Much, 54.
41. Richardson, A History of the Sisters of Charity Hospital, 68-86.
42. Author’s analysis of the 1880 Federal Census for the Providence Insane Asylum.
43. “Death of a Good Woman,” Buffalo Evening News, April 3, 1885.
44. Donohue, The History of the Catholic Church, 90.
45. “EOS: St. Vincent’s Orphanage,” video, Buffalo History Museum, Nov. 9, 2020.
46. “The New St. Vincent’s Asylum,” Catholic Union and Times, January 26, 1899.
47. “Report of the Buffalo Asylum for Widows,” Buffalo Courier, January 26, 1856.
48. “Donation Day at St. Mary’s Infant Asylum,” Buffalo Courier, October 16, 1905.
49. “Referred to the Committee on Treasurer’s Accounts,” Buffalo Post, October 23, 1865.
50. Nelson, Say Little, Do Much, 42.
51. “Vaudeville Show for St. Mary’s Infant Asylum,” Buffalo Courier, March 28, 1915.
52. After Sisters Mattingly and O’Brien departed, two Irish-born Sisters ran the hospital. Sister Camilla O’Keefe, born in Ireland to a farming family, led the institution from 1856 until 1862. Sister Ann Louise O’Connell, who next led the hospital (1862-1873), was also born in Ireland to a farmer. Sister Florence (Mary) O’Hara, born in Philadelphia to an Irish-born mother, held the position the longest (1873-1899). Irish-born Sister Felicita McNulty ran the hospital until 1903. Almost half of the 82 Sisters who worked at Sisters Hospital were born in Ireland, and many listed as “American” were probably second-generation Irish.
53. Ibid, 86.
54. “Irish Humor,” Buffalo Gazette, September 2, 1817.
55. Buffalo Emporium, November 13, 1826, 3.
56. Buffalo Courier, October 12, 1880.
57. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 163.
58. Patton, America’s Crossroads, 73.
59. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 338.
60. Author’s analysis of the Courier’s editorial stance in the year 1850 to determine if there was a bias. This inquiry was done by searching for mentions of the words “Irish” and “Ireland.”
61. Soldenan, High Hopes, 334, and “How it Happened,” Commercial Advertiser, June 12, 1857.
62. M. Felicity O’Driscoll, “Political Nativism in Buffalo, 1830-1860,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Sept 1937), 285.
63. Ivory Chamberlin, Biography of Millard Fillmore, Buffalo, NY 1856, 213-214.
64. Buffalo Commercial Advertiser, April 7, 1854.
65. “Dear Sir,” Morning Express, April 2, 1855.
66. O’Driscoll, “Political Nativism in Buffalo,” 308; and “Dear Sir,” Buffalo Morning Express, April 2, 1855.
67. “Dear Sir,” Buffalo Morning Express, April 2, 1855.
68. “Know-Nothing Riot at Buffalo,” New York Times, July 15, 1854.
69. Anbinder, Nativism & Slavery, 208.
70. Insight provided by Dr. David Gerber in personal correspondence, October 7, 2020.
71. Paul Finkelman, Millard Fillmore (Times Books, 2011), 136.
72. “Mr. Fillmore at Home: His Reception at New York and Brooklyn,” pamphlet, (1856), 2.
73. Anbinder, Nativism & Slavery, 223.
74. Morning Express, November 1856.
75. Patton, America’s Crossroads, 34-35.
76. “Almost a Riot,” Buffalo Courier, March 7, 1850.
77. Patton, America’s Crossroads, 93-94.
78. Ibid, 236-137.
79. Ibid, 236-137.
80. Deshler Welch, “The Buffalo Beach Guerillas,” Buffalo Courier, October 12, 1913. Also, found in Marvin Rapp’s Canal Water and Whiskey, 125-127.
81. Deshler Welch, “The Buffalo Beach Guerillas,” Buffalo Courier, October 12, 1913.
82. Ibid.
83. Otis H. Williams (editor), Buffalo: Old and New (William S. Hein & Co., 1901), 18.
84. “Verdict Recalls Hanging Here in 1872 of Man Who Killed Mother,” Buffalo Courier, December 26, 1916.
85. “The Gallows! The Fate of a Matricide: Patrick Morrissey,” Buffalo Courier, September 7, 1872.
86. “The Trial of Patrick Morrissey,” Buffalo Courier, July 11, 1872.
87. “The Gallows! The Fate of a Matricide: Patrick Morrissey,” Buffalo Courier, September 7, 1872.
88. “Age Old Crimes,” Buffalo Courier, December 21, 1924.
89. “The Scaffold: Execution of John Gaffney,” Buffalo Courier, February 15, 1873.
90. Ibid.
91. Alyn Brodsky, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character, (Truman Talley Books, 2000), 44.
92. Charles Armitage, Grover Cleveland as Buffalo Knew Him, (Buffalo Evening News, 1926), 184.
93. Name of section came from Bad Bridget podcast (2020) by Elaine Farrell (Queen’s University Belfast).
94. Rachel Nicolosi, “Love for Sale: Prostitution and the Building of Buffalo, New York, 1820-1910,” The Exposition, volume 2, issue 1 (found in the Buffalo History Museum), 4.
95. Patton, America’s Crossroads, 162.
96. Ibid., 178.
97. Marilynn Wood Hill, Their Sisters’ Keepers: Prostitution in New York City (University of California Press, 1993), 47.
98. Patton, America’s Crossroads, 129.
99. “Buffalo Catholic Orphan Asylums,” The Buffalo Daily Republic, December 20, 1859.
100. Nicolosi, “Love for Sale: Prostitution and the Building of Buffalo,” 4.
101. “The Notable Events of the Year,” Buffalo Courier, January 1, 1869.
102. Buffalo Courier, October 30, 1857.
103. “The War Day by Day,” The Boston Globe, November 3, 1914.
104. “How An Extraordinary Plot to Seize the U.S.S. Michigan on Lake Erie,” Buffalo Courier, August 24, 1913, and Kathy Warnes, “Confed. Spies and Pirates on the Detroit River,” www.meanderingmichiganhistory.weebly.com.
105. “Gone To Her Account,” Buffalo Courier, December 24, 1868.
106. Ibid.
107. www.preservationready.org website, 68 & 72 Sycamore Street, accessed on June 24, 2020.
108. Sean Kirst, “In ‘the little brothel that could,’ a Buffalo we should not overlook,” Buffalo News, February 29, 2020.
109. Patton, America’s Crossroads, 183.
110. “Jones Has His Way,” Buffalo Express, April 1, 1899. Other names mentioned during the raid included Georgia “Humpy” McFarland and Irish Annie. Anna Fenton, of Irish descent, was also displaced and vowed that she would be forced to go to the poorhouse for life. Other Irish prostitutes from that era included Kate Hennesy, Irene Kennedy, “Fisty” McCue, Annie O’Grady, Margaret Kilbride, Margaret Doyle, Mary Dwyer, Elizabeth Mooney, Lizzie McAvoy, and “Gallow Mag” Moore.

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Chapter 3

1. Mary Gerald Pierce, Unto All His Mercy: The First Hundred Years of the Sisters of Mercy in the Diocese of Buffalo, 1858-1958 (Buffalo: Savage Litho Co., 1979), 16.
2. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 16.
3. Charles G. Deuther, The Life and Times of the Rt. Rev. John Timon, D.D.: The First Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo (Buffalo: Charles Deuther, 1870), 118.
4. Deuther, The Life and Times of Bishop Timon, 221.
5. St. Joseph’s Old Cathedral: Buffalo, N.Y., (Hackensack: Custombook, Inc. 1972), 12.
6. Ibid., 13.
7. Goldman, High Hopes, 97.
8. Ibid., 97.
9. St. Joseph’s Old Cathedral: Buffalo, N.Y., 16.
10. Some of the rectors include Frs. Peter Bede, Francis O’Farrell, William Gleason, John McEvoy, Edward Kelly, James Quigley, James A. Lanigan, John Biden, Thomas Walsh, Henry Mooney, John J. Sheehy, and Edward Britt.
11. Goldman, High Hopes, 79.
12. Gerber, The Making of American Pluralism, 311.
13. Kathleen Healy, Frances Warde: American Founder of the Sisters of Mercy, (New York: Seabury Press, 1973), 257.
14. Paul E. Lubienecki, “John Timon-Buffalo’s First Bishop,” New York History Review, August 20, 2010.
15. Ibid., 18.
16. Maurice Courtney, “Down the Corridors of Time,” Catholic Union and Times, January 12, 1911.
17. “Bishop Ryan Dead,” The Buffalo Commercial, April 10, 1896.
18. William A. King, Souvenir of the Consecration of Right Reverend James Edward Quigley, (Buffalo: Buffalo Catholic Pub., 1897), 4.
19. Richard Dunlop, Donovan: America’s Master Spy (1982), 17.
20. King, Souvenir of the Consecration of Right Reverend James Edward Quigley, 6.
21. Richard Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 17.
22. Shelton, Buffalo in the 1890s, 29.
23. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 104.
24. Ibid, 369.
25. Mariam R. Shannon, The South Buffalo Boy Who Became Bishop (2014), 23.
26. Mary Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy in the Diocese of Buffalo, 1857-1942, (1942), 35-37.
27. Pierce, Unto All His Mercy, 24.
28. Ibid., 23.
29. Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy, 116.
30. Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy, 71.
31. Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy, 75.
32. “Thirty-Nine Years Sister of Mercy,” Buffalo Enquirer, December 7, 1905.
33. Fitzgerald, Historical Sketch of the Sisters of Mercy, 83.
34. “Sister Mary Agatha Funeral,” Buffalo News, July 14, 1947.
35. The Story of St. Stephen’s Church, 21.
36. Ibid.
37. Dave Condren, “Display to Honor Local Nuns,” Buffalo News, May 29, 1999.
38. “Our Diocesan Institutions,” Catholic Union and Times, May 8, 1873.
39. “Forty Years Work Building Voices,” Buffalo Commercial, June 26, 1915.
40. John Devoy, A History of Buffalo and Niagara Falls, (The Times, 1896), 162-163.
41. Rev. William H. Meegan, “The Catholic Charities Campaign,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1928.
42. “Highlights in Bishop’s Life,” Buffalo News, July 11, 1936.
43. “Bishop was Known as Philosopher,” Buffalo News, July 11, 1936.
44. Dave Condren, “Catholic Charities’ fund drive is ‘seed money,’” Buffalo News, January 14, 1995.
45. http://www.fatherbaker.org/the-father-baker-story-his-legacy
46. Timothy R. Allan, “Will Father Baker ever become a saint?” Buffalo News, October 26, 2013.
47. https://www.niagara.edu/nu-history/
48. Thomas Donohue, History of the Catholic Church in Western New York (1904), 319.
49. “Town Changed Its Name Century Ago,” Buffalo News, March 24, 1951.
50. Catherine Smith, “Their Devotion to D’Youville College is a Family Affair,” Buffalo News, October 11, 1979.
51. Stephen Watson, “D’Youville’s Dynamo,” Buffalo News, December 13, 2004.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Jay Tokasz, “Sister Roche to retire from leading D’Youville,” Buffalo News, May 13, 2015.
55. Data from the Diocese of Buffalo website on current Catholics; statistics from the 1960s, https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbuff.html
56. Marissa Perlman, “South Buffalo man tells story of alleged sexual abuse by a retired priest,” www.wivb.com, February 27, 2018.
57. Jay Tokasz, “Lawsuits identify 230 priests as molesters, including 8 of WNY’s most-accused abusers,” Buffalo News, August 26, 2021.
58. Brit Farmer, “Why Bishop Malone’s assistant became a whistleblower,” www.cbsnews.com, October 28, 2018.
59. Jay Tokasz, “Five years after the Buffalo Diocese sexual abuse scandal,” Buffalo News, February 26, 2023.
60. Jay Tokasz, “Lawsuits identify 230 priests as molesters, including 8 of WNY’s most-accused abusers,” Buffalo News, August 26, 2021.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon: Fingy Conners,” WNY Heritage Magazine 10, no. 2 (Summer 2007): 11.
64. Shelton, Buffalo in the 1890s, 178.
65. Fred O. Williams, “Deadly Strike Made History 100 Years Ago,” Buffalo News, June 13, 1999.
66. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
67. Shelton, Buffalo in the 1890s, 60.
68. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon: Fingy Conners,” WNY Heritage Magazine 10, 12.
69. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon: Fingy Conners,” WNY Heritage Magazine 10, 13.
70. Fred O. Williams, “Deadly strike made history 100 years ago,” Buffalo News, June 13, 1999.
71. “Bishop Quigley Noted as Friend of Workers, Unions,” The Union and Echo, May 11, 1945.
72. Ibid.
73. Kevin Kenny, ed., New Directions in Irish-American History, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 160.
74. “Labor Head offers help for Harding: T.V. O’Connor, Longshoremen,” NY Times, Aug. 4, 1920.
75. “T.V. O’Connor’s Rise to High Office Illustrates Unbeatable Personality,” Buffalo Times, February 10, 1924.
76. Lee Smith, “Joseph P. Molony Tells How Sinclair Story,” Buffalo News, February 3, 1954.
77. John P. Moody, “USW Honors Molony Here Tomorrow,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 29, 1973.
78. “Joseph P. Molony, 69, Dies; Led Steelworkers Here and Nationally,” Buffalo News, April 8, 1977.
79. Brian Higgins, “Statement on the passing of Mike Fitzpatrick,” www.higgins.house.gov, March 22, 2021.
80. William Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” New Directions in Irish-American History, ed. Kevin Kenny (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 176.
81. Annual Report of the Commissioners of the Buffalo Fire Department 1900 (Buffalo: Buffalo Fire Department, 1901).
82. Report of Buffalo Fire Department For the Year Ending June 30th 1923, (Buffalo: Buffalo Fire Department, 1923), 16-22.
83. Gerber, Making of an American Pluralism, 342.
84. Ray Hill, “Parade of Memories Passes by in Saga of Old First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1984.
85. Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” 22.
86. Interview with Sheriff Tom Higgins on February 6, 2018.
87. Ibid.
88. “Former Sheriff Thomas F. Higgins leaves behind an exceptional legacy of service,” Buffalo News, August 3, 2020.
89. John Lord O’Brian, “The Reminiscences of John Lord O’Brian,” interview by Dean Alberston, (New York: Columbia Univ. Oral History Research Office, 1953), 35. Located at Univ. of Buffalo Law Library.
90. “Tells of Foreigner Here,” New York Times, October 9, 1918.
91. Ellen Taussig, “The Ward: Touched in Many Ways,” Buffalo Evening News, March 13, 1972.
92. Joan Cook, “Charles Desmond, Retired Chief Judge, Dies,” New York Times, February 11, 1987.
93. Ibid.
94. Michael Dillon, “A Tribute to the Honorable Charles S. Desmond,” https://www.law.buffalo.edu/beyond/competitions/desmond/tribute.html.
95. Joan Cook, “Charles Desmond, Retired Chief Judge, Dies,” New York Times, February 11, 1987.
96. Dan Herbeck, “John T. Curtin, federal judge who desegregated Buffalo schools, dies at 95,” Buffalo News, April 14, 2017.
97. Murray Light, From Butler to Buffett: The Story Behind the Buffalo News, (2004), 253.
98. Richard Sandomir, “John T. Curtin, Judge Who Desegrated Buffalo School, Dies at 95,” New York Times, April 20, 2017.
99. Judy Scales-Trent, “A Judge Shapes and Manages Institutional Reform,” 17 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 119 (1989), 148.
100. “Curtin Ruling Protects Gains on Police and Fire Hiring Court,” August 12, 1989.
101. Dan Herbeck, “John T. Curtin, federal judge who desegregated Buffalo schools, dies at 95,” Buffalo News, April 14, 2017.
102. Sean Kirst, “Judge John T. Curtin, a student of liberty and conscience to the end,” Buffalo News, April 21, 2017.
103. Herbeck, “John T. Curtin, federal judge who desegregated Buffalo schools,” Buffalo News, April 14, 2017.
104. Matthew Wald, “Out-of-Court Settlement Reached Over Love Canal,” New York Times, June 22, 1994.
105. Richard Sandomir, “John T. Curtin, Judge Who Desegrated Buffalo School,” New York Times, April 20, 2017.
106. Buffalo News, April 14, 2017, comments section of article on the death of Judge John Curtin.
107. Mark Goldman, City of My Heart: Buffalo, 1967-2020, (2021), 98.
108. Herbeck, “John T. Curtin, federal judge who desegregated Buffalo schools,” Buffalo News, April 14, 2017.

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Chapter 4

1. Maurice Courtney, “Down the Corridors of Time,” Catholic Union and Times, Feb. 2, 1911.
2. Ibid.
3. W.H. Glenny ad, Buffalo Courier, December 24, 1868.
4. www.buffaloah.com/a/main/251/
5. “Death of William H. Glenny,” Buffalo Morning Express, November 28, 1882.
6. “Death of William H. Glenny,” Buffalo Weekly Express, Nov. 30, 1882.
7. Ibid.
8. Buffalo Evening News, November 28, 1882.
9. David Gerber, The Making of An American Pluralism, 143.
10. “St. Joseph’s Cathedral,” Catholic Union, July 20, 1905, and “Buffalo of the Olden Time,” Buffalo Times, Feb. 24, 1910.
11. Gerber, American Pluralism, 237.
12. “Emporium of Fashion and Low Prices,” Buffalo Courier, May 3, 1847.
13. “Gothic Hall,” Buffalo Courier, October 24, 1849.
14. Gerber, American Pluralism, 266-267.
15. “California,” Buffalo Courier, July 2, 1849.
16. Buffalo Courier, November 21, 1857.
17. Buffalo Courier, November 17, 1857.
18. Buffalo Courier, December 22, 1859.
19. “Death of William Carland,” Buffalo Daily Republic, November 12, 1860.
20. “The Late Awful Calamity,” Daily Republic, November 12, 1860.
21. Gerber, American Pluralism, 144.
22. “Gothic Hall:189 Main Street,” www.wnyheritage.org, accessed on July 7, 2020.
23. “Augustine Keogh Dead,” Buffalo Courier, December 13, 1905.
24. “Augustine Keogh, Well Known Here, is Dead,” Buffalo Enquirer, December 12, 1905.
25. Handbill advertisement for J. F. Sheehan & Co, 1880s.
26. “J.F. Sheehan Funeral Friday Morning,” Buffalo Evening News, January 8, 1913.
27. “President of Hens & Kelly Store Dies,” Springville Journal, May 2, 1935.
28. “New Hens & Kelly Store Completed,” Buffalo News, November 5, 1925.
29. Ibid.
30. “Patrick J. Kelly-Store Man is Dead” - scrapbooks Downtown Library.
31. Buffalo 1908: A History of the City of Buffalo, (Buffalo Evening News, 1908), 178.
32. “Sweeney Company’s Opening,” Buffalo Times, May 4, 1904.
33. “Sweeney Company’s Great Store is Opened,” Buffalo Evening News, September 28, 1904.
34. “Mr. Sweeney Kindly Remembered,” Buffalo Courier, September 29, 1904.
35. “John F. Sweeney,” Buffalo Evening News, January 23, 1913.
36. “John F. Sweeney is Removed by Death,” The Buffalo Enquirer, January 22, 1913.
37. “Final Tribute to J.F. Sweeney,” Buffalo Enquirer, January 24, 1913; and “John F. Sweeney is Removed by Death,” Buffalo Enquirer, January 22, 1913.
38. The Derrick’s: Hand-book of Petroleum, volume 1, “The Men Who Have Made Oil History,” (1898), 920.
39. Edward J. Lenik, “The Olean-Bayonne Pipeline,” The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, vol 2, No. 1 (1976), 29.
40. Ibid.
41. Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (Vintage Books, 1998), 197 and 206.
42. David Waples, The Natural Gas Industry in Appalachia: A History from the First Discovery, 63.
43. Chernow, Titan, 171.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid, 208, 211.
46. Ibid, 206.
47. Ibid, 207.
48. Ibid, 211.
49. Ibid, 260.
50. Waples, The Natural Gas Industry in Appalachia, 62.
51. The 1920 Buffalo Club book.
52. “A Fine New Block: The New O’Day and Rockefeller Building,” The Buffalo Express, February 9, 1890.
53. https://www.facebook.com/DealPoliceDepartment/photos/daniel-oday-the-founder-of-standard-oil-named-this-home-kildysart-after-his-birt/2559232797437388/
54. https://www.facebook.com/DealPoliceDepartment/photos/daniel-oday-the-founder-of-standard-oil-named-this-home-kildysart-after-his-birt/2559232797437388/
55. “Standard Oil’s Traffic Pioneer, O’Day, is Dead,” New York Times, September 14, 1906.
56. Marie French, “Defunct pipeline still causing contamination, activist alleges,” www.politico.com.
57. Interview with Florida historian Deborah Desilets on June 13, 2021.
58. Gerry Swinehart, “15,000 Throng Okeechobee at Road Opening,” The Palm Beach Post, July 5, 1924.
59. Photo of historical marker on www.jacquithurlowlippisch.com, marker at Palm Beach Canal Bridge on US 441, Canal Point.
60. Will Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. “Death Ends Buffalo’s Most Colorful Career,” Buffalo Courier, October 6, 1929.
64. Ibid.
65. Thomas Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon,” WNY Heritage Magazine 10, no. 2 (Summer 2007): 11.
66. Ibid, 13.
67. Irwin, “The Rise of Fingy Conners,” Collier’s Weekly, July 1908.
68. Grover, “Buffalo’s Forgotten Tycoon,” WNY Heritage Magazine 10, no. 2 (Summer 2007): 15.
69. “Death Ends Buffalo’s Most Colorful Career,” Buffalo Courier, October 6, 1929.
70. Ibid.
71. “William J. Conners,” Palm Beach Post, October 6, 1929.
72. Mrs. E. Brown, Arts, Professions and Industries: Women in Buffalo (1888), at the Buffalo History Museum.
73. This section on Emily McDonnell is reprinted by permission from my Western New York Heritage article, Spring 2015 issue, “Emily McDonnell: The Story of a Monumental Woman.”
74. From one of the author’s extant McDonnell Memorial catalogues, n.d.
75. The tall obelisk monument in Holy Cross was toppled in a storm several years ago by a broken tree branch.
76. “Mrs. Emily A. McDonnell,” The Barre Daily News, December 13, 1926.
77. “Dr. Jane Wall Carroll, Formerly of Buffalo, Dies in Rome, Italy,” Courier-Express, April 23, 1927.
78. 1870 United States Federal Census.
79. Rosanne Higgins, “What About the Women? A Brief History of Female Physicians in Buffalo, New York,” May 12, 2015, blog www.rosannehiggins.blogspot.com.
80. “Jane Carroll, Physician and Lawyer,” Dead,” Buffalo News, April 22, 1927.
81. “Life of Dr. Jane Carroll,” The Paterson Morning Call, October 4, 1927.
82. Ibid.
83. “Death Calls Dr. Carroll in Rome, Italy,” The Paterson Evening News, April 21, 1927.
84. “Life of Dr. Jane Carroll,” The Morning Call, October 4, 1927.
85. Ibid.
86. “Life of Dr. Jane Carroll,” The Paterson Morning Call, October 4, 1927.
87. “Dr. Jane Wall Carroll,” Catholic Union & Times, April 28, 1927.
88. “James H. McNulty,” Courier, October 19, 1926.
89. “The McNulty Memorial Gifts,” Buffalo Times, January 4, 1927.
90. “James H. McNulty,” Buffalo Times, October 18, 1926.
91. “The McNulty Memorial Gifts,” Buffalo Times, January 4, 1927.
92. Fred Turner, “Success Story of the ’90s—In City’s Vast Stockyards,” Buffalo News, May 28, 1955.
93. Richmond C. Hill, Twentieth Century Buffalo: Part One, (J.N. Matthews Co., 1902), 141.
94. Buffalo Courier, January 12, 1896.
95. “John Hughes,” Buffalo Enquirer, April 4, 1921.
96. “Prominent Resident of Buffalo is Dead,” Buffalo Times, April 3, 1921.

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Chapter 5

1. Determined E.P. Christy’s ancestral roots when I found his brother Robert F. Christy in the 1880 Federal Census that states their father was born in Ireland. Others claim Christy was Irish but no sources are given.
2. James Ross Moore, “Christy, Edwin Pearce,” in the American National Biography, (1999).
3. Russell Sanjek, American Popular Music and Its Business: Volume II (1988), no page number.
4. Eric Lott, Love & Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993), 52.
5. NY Supreme Court: Harriet E. Christy and Edwin B. Christy (New York), 1865, the contested will of E.P. Christy by his wife, Harriet, found online.
6. Frederick Gleason, “George Christy,” in Gleason’s Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion, 1854.
7. James Walkowiak, “Christy and Co.,” Buffalo Spree, September 2010.
8. “NY Supreme Court: Harriet E. Christy and Edwin B. Christy” the contested will of E.P. Christy.
9. Russell Sanjek, American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years Volume II (1988), n.p.
10. Ibid.
11. Moore, “Christy, Edwin Pearce,” American National Biography.
12. Sanjek, American Popular Music and Its Business, n.p.
13. Moore, “Christy, Edwin Pearce,” American National Biography.
14. Sanjek, American Popular Music and Its Business, n.p.
15. Advertisement for George Christy and Wood’s theater in 1854, in author’s collection.
16. Moore, “Christy, Edwin Pearce,” American National Biography.
17. Lott, Love & Theft, 95.
18. Annemarie Bean, ed., “Social Commentary in Late-19th Century White Minstrelsy,” Inside the Minstrel Mask, 97.
19. Moore, “Christy, Edwin Pearce,” American National Biography, (1999).
20. “George N. Christy,” The National Cyclopaedia of America Biography, Volume 7, (1897), 297.
21. Bean, ed., Inside the Minstrel Mask, 76.
22. Vera Brodsky Lawrence, Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong, no. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 436.
23. Moore, “Christy, Edwin Pearce,” American National Biography. Converted the $48,000 in 1853 to 2021 inflation calculator.
24. “Obituary. George N. Harrington-George Christy,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 13, 1868.
25. “Minstrelsy Born in Buffalo,” Buffalo Courier, July 29, 1917.
26. Ibid.
27. Bean, ed., Inside the Minstrel Mask, 216.
28. “Amusements, Music, &c.,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 27, 1862.
29. Ibid.
30. James Walkowiak, “Christy and Co.,” Buffalo Spree, September 2010.
31. Lott, Love & Theft, 15; and from his North Star newspaper, October 27, 1848.
32. Rita Olcott, Song In His Heart: The Story of Chauncey Olcott’s Life, (New York: House of Field, Inc., 1939), 30.
33. Ibid., 18.
34. Ibid., 30-31.
35. William H. A. Williams, ’Twas Only an Irishman’s Dream, (Chicago: University of Illinois, 1996), 213.
36. Olcott, Song In His Heart, 33.
37. Mellen Olcott married Frances Olcott and lived on 8th Avenue working as a veterinarian dentist, 1880 US Census.
38. Clarence E. Adams, “Chauncey Olcott,” (April 2000), 2; from an article at the Niagara County Historical Society.
39. “Prof. Everett L. Baker’s Eighth Annual Concert,” Buffalo Commercial, February 10, 1871; and “Chauncey Olcott’s Life,” Buffalo Times, November 8, 1925.
40. Olcott, Song In His Heart, 61.
41. Stephen M. Vallillo, “Chauncey Olcott,” American National Biography, (1999).
42. Olcott, Song In His Heart, 77.
43. Olcott, Song In His Heart, 104.
44. Thomas Hauser, Reflections, (Fayetteville, University of Arkansas Press, 2014), 257.
45. “Chauncey Olcott’s Stage Kiss,” Buffalo Commercial, April 6, 1886.
46. Ibid.
47. William H. A. Williams, ’Twas Only an Irishman’s Dream (1996), 213.
48. Ibid.
49. Margherita A. Hamm, “Chauncey Olcott: The Domestic Side of a Nomad,” Eminent Actors in Their Homes, (James Pott & Co., 1902), 229.
50. Ibid.
51. William H. A. Williams, ’Twas Only an Irishman’s Dream (1996), 214.
52. https://playback.fm/year/1913, accessed on October 31, 2021.
53. Williams, ’Twas Only an Irishman’s Dream (1996), 190.
54. “Chauncey Olcott’s Life in Buffalo Was Vivid; Always Favorite Singer,” Buffalo Times, November 8, 1925.
55. Hamm, Eminent Actors in Their Homes, 226.
56. Olcott, Song In His Heart, 5.
57. Ed Shanaphy, “Chauncey Olcott: An American Musical Leprechaun,” Sheet Music, (March 1985), 8-9.
58. Williams, ’Twas Only an Irishman’s Dream, 233.
59. “Chauncey Olcott,” New York Irish American Advocate, April 9, 1932.
60. Thomas Hauser, Reflections, 259.
61. “Kittie O’Neil Dead,” Buffalo Morning Express, April 17, 1893.
62. Ibid.
63. “Kitty O’Neil and Annie Laurie,” Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, November 28, 1884.
64. Parker Zellers, Tony Pastor: Dean of the Vaudeville Stage (Ypsilanti: Eastern Michigan University Press, 1971), 59.
65. James, ed., Jig, Clog and Breakdown Dancing Made Easy (New York, 1873).
66. Don Meade, “Kitty O’Neil and Her Champion Jig,” www.blarneystar.com (originally published in the New Hibernia Review (Vol.6, No.3, Autumn 2002), 12.
67. Meade, “Kitty O’Neil and Her Champion Jig,” 13.
68. Don Meade, “Kitty O’Neil and Her Champion Jig,” 1.
69. “Shea’s Music Hall,” Buffalo Morning Express, April 16, 1891.
70. “Kittie O’Neill Dead,” New York Times, April 17, 1893.
71. Douglas Gilbert, American Vaudeville: Its Life and Times (Midwest Old Settlers, 1940), 52-53.
72. Ibid.
73. Henry W. Hill, Municipality of Buffalo, New York: A History 1720-1923 (New York, 1923), 153.
74. “Michael Shea,” unpublished college paper by John Feeney.
75. Hill, Municipality of Buffalo, New York, 153.
76. “A Popular Buffalo Resort,” Buffalo Morning Express, May 22, 1892.
77. Henry Wayland Hill, Municipality of Buffalo, 153.
78. Ibid., 152.
79. “Shea’s Theater Beautified,” Buffalo Express, Dec. 23, 1900.
80. Shea’s program from 1926 from author’s collection.
81. “Michael Shea,” unpublished college paper by John Feeney.
82. Hill, Municipality of Buffalo, 153.
83. Ibid.
84. Paul McQuillen, “Shea’s Buffalo-Buffalo’s Palace,” The Buffalo Downtowner, Sept. 2008, 6.
85. Ibid.
86. Paul McQuillen, “Michael Shea Buffalo’s Theater Master,” The Buffalo Downtowner, Sept. 2008, 7.
87. “1975 Application for the National Register of Historic Places for Shea’s Buffalo Theatre,” www.buffaloah.com.
88. John M. Feeney, college paper on Michael Shea, Laurie’s quote from his book Vaudeville: From Honky Tonks to the Palace, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1953.
89. John M. Feeney, college paper on Michael Shea, no date or reference of the Variety magazine article on Shea.
90. Hill, Municipality of Buffalo, 153.
91. Donna Hoke, “Looking Forward: Shea’s Celebrates Ninety-Five Years,” Buffalo Spree, April 2021.
92. Anthony Cardinale, “Shea’s To Bask In Past Glory As It Looks To The Future,” Buffalo News, January 13, 2001.
93. Some report that Peggy O’Neil was born in Kerry, but all of her official documents say Buffalo, NY, and her father Frederick was born in Auburn, NY. Also, in a Buffalo Enquirer article on August 13, 1921, she said her father’s family came from Clare and her mother from Antrim. In a 1913 article, the Kansas City Star claims she was born in Kildare, Ireland.
94. “Is a Real Peg O’ My Heart,” Kansas City Star, December 29, 1913.
95. “Teck-Peg O’ My Heart,” Buffalo Courier, October 26, 1915.
96. Ibid.
97. “Peggy O’Neil, Brilliant Little Buffalo Actress, Captivates London,” Buffalo Enquirer, Nov. 1, 1920.
98. “Peggy O’Neil Makes Big Hit in New Play,” Buffalo Times, October 31, 1926.
99. “Peggy O’Neil Lonesome,” Buffalo Enquirer, August 13, 1921.
100. Ibid.
101. Ibid.
102. Chris Hawley, “Peggy O’Neil sang her way,” The Hydraulics Press (online blog), Jan. 15, 2009.
103. “Peggy O’Neil Escapes Death by Poisoning,” New York Times, October 21, 1920.
104. “Peggy O’Neil Dies; Ex-Stage Star, 61,” New York Times, January 8, 1960.

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Chapter 6

1. Author’s review of Buffalo newspapers searching for the words “Irish” and “Ireland” around the year 1850.
2. “Theatre,” Buffalo Courier, November 19, 1850.
3. “NU Prof is Zonta Speaker,” Niagara Falls Gazette, May 16, 1967.
4. Colin Dabkowski, “Brother Augustine Towey, NU, Theater Director, Dies,” Buffalo News, November 23, 2012.
5. James Fink, “Artpark celebrates Towey’s link to ‘Sound of Music,’” Business First, July 8, 2013.
6. “The Guardian,” Greenfield Recorder, 1978. Mike Kurilovich, “National Spotlight Niagara U Theatre,” Buffalo News, Oct. 31, 1999.
7. Colin Dabkowski, “Poetic Justice Towey,” Buffalo News, February 20, 2009.
8. Ibid.
9. “Celtic Connections: Honoring the Past; Vincent O’Neill- Episode 7” on YouTube.com, June 26, 2020.
10. Interview by author with Vincent O’Neill on August 10, 2017, at Founding Fathers Pub.
11. Patsy McGarry, “Irish Actor Chris O’Neill Dies in US,” Irish Times, April 16, 1997.
12. “Celtic Connections: Honoring the Past; Celebrating the Future with Vincent O’Neill- Episode 7.”
13. Terry Doran, Buffalo News, “Actor Chris O’Neill, 50, Dies; A Founder of Irish Theatre,” April 15, 1997.
14. Ibid.
15. http://www.anbealbochtcafe.com/poor-mouth-theatre, a short bio on Chris O’Neill and his theater.
16. Niall O’Dowd, www.irishcentral.com, “Saoirse Ronan’s illegal Irish parents,” Jan. 10, 2018.
17. Ibid.
18. Mark Goldman, City of My Heart: Buffalo, 1967-2020, (2021), 117.
19. Interview by author with Vincent O’Neill on August 10, 2017, at Founding Fathers Pub.
20. “Celtic Connections: Honoring the Past; Celebrating the Future with Vincent O’Neill- Episode 7.”
21. Anthony Chase, “Actor’s Actor: Josephine Hogan,” Artvoice, January 15, 2015.
22. Ibid.
23. SOLAS: Irish Classical Theatre Newsletter, Feb. 2021, issue 4, “Josephine Hogan: Inhabiting the Stage.”
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. http://www.redthreadtheatre.info/about.html, accessed on January 8, 2022.
27. “Dr. James Warde, ex-mental health commissioner,” Buffalo News, April 8, 2010.
28. Ibid.
29. An Irish women discussion moderated by Mary Kate O’Connell at the Buffalo Irish Center on Nov. 18, 2018.
30. Ibid.
31. Christina Abt, “Mary Kate O’Connell,” online interview, June 2001, www.livingprimetime.com.
32. From the Diva by Diva Facebook page, accessed on January 8, 2022.
33. “Off Road: Episode 21,” podcast interview by Peter Palmisano, July 20, 2020.
34. https://www.nysenate.gov/newsroom/articles/mark-grisanti/loraine-o’donnell
35. “Off Road: A History of Buffalo Theatre: Episode 21,” podcast interview by Peter Palmisano, July 20, 2020.
36. Heather Violanti, “WNY Women: Meg Quinn,” Buffalo Spree, July/August 2002.
37. From Hodgson Russ website, “Meg Quinn.” https://www.hodgsonruss.com/the-story-of-meg-quinn.html.
38. Ibid.
39. Heather Violanti, “WNY Women: Meg Quinn,” Buffalo Spree, July/August 2002.
40. Author interview with Dan Shanahan on January 14, 2022.
41. Ibid.
42. “P.A. Powers, Film Pioneer, Cop, Businessman Here, Dies,” Buffalo Evening News, August 2, 1948.
43. Ibid.
44. “Contempt Order Against Buffalo Theater Man,” Buffalo Courier, December 24, 1910.
45. “Eastman Case Nearing End,” Buffalo Morning Express, November 25, 1914.
46. “Stars Get Profit, Owners Take Losses,” Buffalo Times, January 25, 1917.
47. “Patrick A. Powers,” Chicago Tribune, August 2, 1948.
48. “Patrick Powers, Pioneer in Movie Industry, Dies,” Los Angeles Evening Citizen News, August 2, 1948.
49. “Patrick A. Powers, Film Official, Dead,” New York Times, August 1, 1948.
50. “Attorney’s Suit Links a Duchess to Film Baron,” Daily News, October 11, 1938.
51. “Snake Oil Johnny’s Here So Death Rate will Take Slump,” Buffalo News, July 13, 1921.
52. “Riverside,” a short history of Buffalo’s Riverside neighborhood, n.d. or author, from Dr. Timothy Madigan.
53. “‘Hollywood Joe’ from S. Buffalo left his mark on screen, in war,” Buffalo News, July 11, 2013.
54. Joe Conley, Ike Godsey of Walton’s Mountain (Bear Manor Media, 2009), 11.
55. https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/102618, accessed on November 27, 2021.
56. “Joe Conley: Actor best known as Ike Godsey,” The Independent (London, England), July 26, 2013.
57. Ibid.
58. “Hollywood Joe Conley from South Buffalo left his mark on screen, in war,” Buffalo News, July 10, 2013.
59. At Road Less Traveled theater on Jan. 12, 2019, Sean Cullen shared his life story with Peter Palmisano.
60. Ibid., and thanks to Sean Cullen’s sister and nephew who also provided details.
61. Anthony Chase, “Sean Cullen, An American Theatre Master,” Buffalo News, January 16, 2020.
62. Anita Gates, “A Bitter Family Tradition of Low Expectations,” New York Times, January 19, 2010.
63. Bernard Drew, “Priest has more than a prayer as actor,” The Journal-News, October 28, 1972.
64. Jack Garner, “Real-life priest gets more airtime in new ‘Exorcist,’” Lansing State Journal, October 13, 2000.
65. Catherine Elsworth, “Modest TB movie dances its way to global,” Star-Phoenix, September 4, 2007.
66. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_Musical, accessed on November 30, 2021.
67. Gail Pennington, “Tween Rock and a teen place,” St. Louis-Dispatch, June 20, 2008.
68. Cristina Kinon, “Some Royal Ratings for Disney’s Princess,” Daily News, July 1, 2009.
69. Nellie Andreeva, “Disney Channel’s Head of Original Movies,” Deadline, April 2, 2013.
70. Ibid.
71. Tim O’Shei, “The Buffalo connection: Michael Healy,” Buffalo News, February 28, 2016.
72. Information and photos from the 1956 Bishop Ryan High School yearbook found online on Ancestry.com.
73. “Shannon Signing Off After 50 Years in Radio,” Buffalo News, January 14, 2005.
74. Steve Cichon, 100 Years of Buffalo Broadcasting: Volume One 1920-1970 (2020), 322.
75. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Weekend, accessed on November 26, 2021.
76. John Smyntek, “Tom Shannon Reigns Among Radio Royalty…” Detroit Free Press, March 1, 1981.
77. Dale Anderson, “Tommy Shannon, legendary Buffalo broadcaster dies,” Buffalo News, May 27, 2021.
78. www.buffalobroadcasters.com/inductee/tom-shannon/
79. Dale Anderson, “Tommy Shannon,” Buffalo News, May 27, 2021.
80. Ibid.
81. “Tom Shannon, Who Ruled Buffalo and Detroit Top 40 Radio, Has Died,” Insideradio.com, May 27, 2021.
82. Dale Anderson and Alan Pergament, “Tommy Shannon,” Buffalo News, May 27, 2021.
83. Tim Switala, “The Dave Gang is Bringing Billy Home in Style,” Buffalo News, September 28, 1986.
84. Jim Santella, “The Beat Goes on for Bassist Billy Sheehan,” Buffalo News, July 12, 2000.
85. Staff, “Billy Sheehan, Living a Dream he Worked For,” Buffalo News, March 1, 1992.
86. Jeff Miers, “Billy Sheehan Brings His Iconic Power-Pop Outfit Back Home,” Buffalo News, August 19, 2011.
87. Billy Sheehan’s Facebook post on July 5, 2018.
88. “Rince Na Tiarna dancer takes solo title,” Front Page (Blasdell, NY), August 7, 2002.
89. Interview by author of Kevinah, Fiona and Tracy Dargan at the Buffalo Irish Center on Dec. 4, 2019.
90. https://rincenatiarna.com/staff/erin-lynch/, accessed on December 28, 2021.
91. “Rince Na Tiarna dancer wins gold,” Front Page (Blasdell, New York), Feb. 27, 2008.
92. “Dargans dance with Riverdance in Dublin,” Buffalo Irish Times, October 2018.
93. Chloe Steinig, “From the World’s Stage to Shea’s,” Buffalo News, February 21, 2020.

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Chapter 7

1. Andrew Turnbull, The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald, (New York: Scribner’s, 1963), 503.
2. Bruccoli, Some Sort of Epic Grandeur, 38.
3. Matthew Bruccoli, Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life and Times of F. Scott Fitzgerald (1981), 17.
4. Bruccoli, Some Sort of Epic Grandeur, 19.
5. Mary Kunz Goldman, “F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Buffalo Years,” The Buffalo News, February 19, 1994.
6. Bruccoli, Some Sort of Epic Grandeur, 20.
7. Bruccoli, Some Sort of Epic Grandeur, 20.
8. Mary Kunz Goldman, “F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Buffalo Years,” The Buffalo News, February 19, 1994.
9. “F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Buffalo,” Buffalo History Museum podcast, November 2, 2020.
10. David S. Brown, Paradise Lost: A Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald, (Belknap Press, 2017), 2.
11. Bruccoli, Some Sort of Epic Grandeur, 22.
12. Andrew Turnbull, Scott Fitzgerald (1962), 241-242.
13. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, (Collier Books, 1986), 204.
14. “Buffalo’s Poet Laureate: Writer of Tender Verse,” Catholic Union and Times, Aug. 29, 1912.
15. Ibid.
16. Buffalo Express, February 15, 1918.
17. “Table Talk,” Commercial, February 6, 1909, poem reprinted from 1865.
18. Buffalo Times, February 15, 1918, and “Buffalo’s Poet Laureate,” Catholic Union, Aug. 29, 1912.
19. Buffalo Express, February 28, 1908.
20. Buffalo News, December 12, 1906.
21. James N. Johnston, Poets and Poems of Buffalo, (1904), preface.
22. “Review of Books for the Week,” Buffalo Courier, December 19, 1909.
23. Johnston, Poets and Poems of Buffalo, index.
24. “Buffalo Writer and Poet Dead; In Public Eye Years,” Buffalo Courier, February 15, 1918.
25. Commercial, March 21, 1908.
26. “Memories of Donegal,” Buffalo News, March 22, 1908.
27. “Buffalo’s Poet Laureate,” Catholic Union, August 29, 1912.
28. “James Nicoll Johnston,” The Buffalo Times, February 15, 1918.
29. Hon. John J. LaFalce, “Dr. Charles A. Brady-The Name Burns Brightly,” Congressional Record, Vol. 141, No. 163, October 20, 1995, www.congress.gov.
30. “Andrew Brady, Sr., Veteran Lumber Dealer, is Dead,” Buffalo Courier, August 14, 1925.
31. Walter Romig, ed., “Charles Andrew Brady,” The Book of Catholic Authors, Sixth Series, 1960.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Author correspondence with Kevin Brady, son of Charles Brady, on October 24, 2020.
35. “Charles A. Brady Dies; Canisius Prof, Author, Was 83,” Buffalo News, May 5, 1995.
36. Ibid.
37. Erik Brady, “Buffalo bid farewell to its man of letters,” Buffalo News, May 5, 2020.
38. Joseph Lovering, The Well-Made Historical Novels of American Regionalist Charles Brady (2006), 44.
39. Joseph Lovering, “A Readable Writer: Novels By Charles Brady,” Canisius Chronicle, July 1996.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. LaFalce, “Dr. Charles A. Brady, and Erik Brady’s eulogy for his father.
43. “Charles A. Brady Dies; Canisius Prof, Author,” Buffalo News, May 5, 1995.
44. Richard McCarthy, Buffalo News, August 23, 1987.
45. Author interview with Professor Richard Thompson, November 1, 2017.
46. “Roger B. Dooley Dies; Novelist Chronicled Irish Community,” Buffalo News, November 2, 1993.
47. Walter Romig, ed. The Book of Catholic Authors, Sixth Series, 1960, “Roger Burke Dooley.”
48. Edward Laycock, ed., Boston Globe, “Books to Read: Less Than Angels,” December 4, 1946.
49. Daniel E. Ahearne, “Galloping Buffalo,” Hartford Courant, October 9, 1949.
50. Frances Parker, “Jasper Public Library Notes,” The Herald, (Jasper, Indiana), October 17, 1961.
51. “Roger B. Dooley Dies; Novelist Chronicled Irish Community,” Buffalo News, November 2, 1993.
52. Mary E. Cochrane (ed.), Hearers and Hearteners, (2019), 15.
53. Roy Foster blurb on back cover of Joseph Hassett’s Yeats Now: Echoing Into Life.
54. Interview with Joseph Hassett at UCD, “Joseph M. Hassett,” accessed on YouTube.
55. Cochrane (ed.), Hearers and Hearteners, back cover.
56. Ibid., back cover.
57. Cochrane (ed.), Hearers and Hearteners, 29.
58. Book Club talk (remote) at Burchfield Penney, “Black Irish by Stephan Talty,” April 13, 2017.
59. “A Talk with Stephan Talty,” on www.stephantalty.com.
60. Ibid.
61. Interview on Connors Corner, “The Black Hand with Stephan Talty,” Oct. 2019, YouTube.
62. Ibid.
63. Richard Bernstein, “Paul Horgan, 91, Historian and Novelist,” NY Times, March 9, 1995.
64. Madelaine Lucas, “Her Private Space: On Brigid Hughes, Editor,” Literary Hub, November 28, 2018.
65. A.N. Devers, “This is How a Woman is Erased From Her Job,” www.longreads.com, December 2017.
66. Dinita Smith, “An Editor, 31, Who’s at Ease With Big Egos,” NY Times, January 24, 2004.
67. Lucas, “Her Private Space: On Brigid Hughes.”
68. “Columbia College Chicago, Spring Reading Series: Jesmyn Ward and Brigid Hughes,” March 1, 2016, Vimeo.com/1611640433.
69. Lucas, “Her Private Space: On Brigid Hughes.”
70. The Judges’ citation found on the Whiting.org website.
71. Albert Michaels, “Kevin B. O’Callahan,” Kevin B. O’Callahan, Burchfield Art Center (1988), 87.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., 89.
74. Ibid., 91.
75. Ibid., 94.
76. Ibid., 94.
77. Ibid., 91.
78. Ibid., 92.
79. Ibid., 91.
80. Nancy Weekly, “The Buffalo Print Club,” Kevin B. O’Callahan, Burchfield Art Center (1988), 13.
81. Michaels, Kevin B. O’Callahan, 95.
82. Weekly, Kevin B. O’Callahan and the Buffalo Print Club, Burchfield Art Center, 24.
83. Michaels, Kevin B. O’Callahan, 94.
84. Ibid., 95.
85. Ibid., 94.
86. Brian Grunert, The Likeness of Being: Portraits by Philip Burke (2015), (The Biography section).
87. Victor Schmitt-Bush, “Philip Burke-BMHOF Class of 2019,” accessed www.bmhof.org.
88. Buck Quigley, “Near Nirvana,” Artvoice.com, April 9-15, 2015).
89. Steven Heller, “Man Bites Man: Caricatures by Philip Burke,” Vol 10, Num. 3, June 1983, 16.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Grunert and Propeack, The Likeness of Being, (The Artist’s Biography section).
96. Schmitt-Bush, “Philip Burke-BMHOF Class of 2019.”
97. Grunert and Propeack, The Likeness of Being, (The Artist’s Biography section).
98. Schmitt-Bush, “Philip Burke-BMHOF Class of 2019.”

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Chapter 8

1. Josephine Phelan, The Ardent Exile: The Life and Times of Thomas D’Arcy McGee (1951), 54.
2. David A. Wilson, Thomas D’Arcy McGee: Volume 1 (2008), 236.
3. “Delightful Reminiscences of Old-time Buffalonian-Irishmen,” Catholic Union and Times, April 11, 1907.
4. David Gerber, The Making of an American Pluralism, 153.
5. David A. Wilson, Thomas D’Arcy McGee: Volume 1 (2008), 312.
6. “Laurels on the Grave of Our Dead Chief,” Catholic Union and Times, December 21, 1905.
7. “Father Cronin’s Life Work,” The Buffalo Courier, December 13, 1905.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Murray B. Light, From Butler to Buffett: The Story Behind the Buffalo News, (Prometheus, 2004), 320.
12. Light, From Butler to Buffett, 33.
13. Light, From Butler to Buffett, 32-41.
14. Light, From Butler to Buffett, 69-70.
15. Douglas Martin, “Columnist of the Entertainment World,” New York Times, November 8, 2000.
16. Anne Matthews, “Kegga O’Brian Could Write a Book About It and Maybe Some Day He Will,” Courier-Express, January 6, 1974.
17. Loren Ghiglione, CBS’s Don Hollenbeck: An Honest Reporter, (Columbia University Press, 2011), 117.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 118.
24. Ibid., 137.
25. “The Man with the Popular Mind,” Time, November 20, 1964.
26. Steve Allen, “Jack O’Brian and the Art of Criticism,” Village Voice, March 19, 1958.
27. Ghiglione, CBS’s Don Hollenbeck, 115.
28. Tim Russert, Big Russ & Me: Father and Son: Lessons of Life, Miramax Books (2004), introduction.
29. Ibid.
30. Tim Russert, Big Russ & Me, 21.
31. Niall O’Dowd, “Remembering Tim Russert,” interview in 2008, published Irishcentral.com on May 7, 2017.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Tim Russert, Big Russ & Me, 134.
35. Niall O’Dowd interview of Tim Russert, published in 2008.
36. Luke Russert, “Big Russ & Me” talk at Politics & Prose bookstore, accessed on YouTube, published June 19, 2014, and Tim Russert’s book, Big Russ & Me, 261.
37. John Shattuck, “A Conversation with Russert,” Feb. 15, 2005, at the JFK Library. Transcript www.jfklibrary.org.
38. “Tough Questions for Both Sides from Tim Russert,” New York Times, June 13, 2016.
39. “Inside Tim Russert’s Office,” Freedom Forum, YouTube video, November 24, 2009.
40. Luke Russert, “Big Russ & Me” talk at Politics & Prose bookstore, accessed on YouTube, published June 19, 2014.
41. The Emmy Awards, “Tim Russert-Video Tribute,” October 21, 2008, accessed on YouTube.
42. Shattuck, “A Conversation with Russert,” February 15, 2005, at the JFK Library. Transcript www.jfklibrary.org.
43. Luke Russert, “Big Russ & Me” talk at Politics & Prose bookstore, accessed on YouTube, published June 19, 2014.
44. “Tim Russert’s Buffalo,” www.visitbuffaloniagara.com, accessed on November 30, 2020.
45. “Tim Russert-Video Tribute,” The Emmy Awards, October 21, 2008, accessed on YouTube.
46. Ibid.
47. Niall O’Dowd, “Remembering Tim Russert,” www.irishcentral.com, May 7, 2020.
48. Murray B. Light, “Former Editor Had Close Ties to GOP Politics,” Buffalo News, October 15, 2000.
49. “Helping to shape community conversations,” Buffalo News, October 21, 2020.
50. Bob Curran, “A Name For The Wall of Fame,” Buffalo News, January 20, 1998.
51. “Paul E. Neville, Newsman, is Dead,” Buffalo News, June 24, 1969.
52. Arch Lowery, “William J. Malley Dies in Crash,” Buffalo News, May 1, 1989.
53. Margaret Sullivan, “Consummate newsman Cuddihy calls it a career,” Buffalo News, January 1, 2006.
54. “Jack Quinn, Colorful News Reporter, Editor Jan 7. 1938-Jan. 17, 2005,” Buffalo News, January 19, 2005.
55. Camille Garcia, “10 of the Most Powerful Women, Margaret M. Sullivan,” Buffalo Spree, September/October 2006.
56. Email correspondence with Margaret Sullivan on August 6, 2018.
57. Margaret Sullivan, Ghosting the News: Local Journalism and the Crisis of Democracy (2020), 29.
58. “Sullivan is Named Editor of the News,” Buffalo News, August 11, 1999.
59. Sullivan, Ghosting the News, 32.
60. From Margaret Sullivan’s biography at the New York Times.
61. Sydney Ember, “Margaret Sullivan, New York Times Public Editor,” New York Times, February 22, 2016.
62. Margaret Sullivan, Ghosting the News, 14.
63. Garcia, “10 of the Most Powerful Women, Margaret M. Sullivan,” Buffalo Spree.
64. Alan Pergament, “Media Watch: Meet the News Boss,” Buffalo Spree, March 26, 2013.
65. Email correspondence with Karen Brady, January 28, 2021.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Murray B. Light, From Butler to Buffett: The Story Behind the Buffalo News, Prometheus (2004), 298.
69. “Bob Curran, News Columnist, Dies at 80,” Buffalo News, March 14, 2003 (comment by John Neville).
70. Ibid.
71. Bob Curran, “JFK’s Forgotten Rescuer,” Buffalo News, November 30, 1993.
72. Bob Curran, “How a Story Helped Rescue a War Hero,” Buffalo News, April 11, 1995.
73. “Bob Curran, News Columnist, Dies at 80,” Buffalo News, March 14, 2003.
74. Robert McCarthy, “Ed Kelly, longtime labor reporter for News,” Buffalo News, February 27, 2008.
75. Ibid.
76. Bob McCarthy lecture attended by the author on October 23, 2019, at the Buffalo History Museum.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Adrian B Burke, “Tracing Richard J. Burke,” The Irish Genealogist, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2005, pp. 257-270.
80. Ibid.
81. “David L. Condren, 81, reporter for the Buffalo News,” Buffalo News, July 18, 2019.
82. Ibid.
83. Email correspondence with Anne Neville, January 15, 2021.
84. Jack Laing, “Billy Kelly Writes 30 to Colorful Sports Career,” Courier-Express, February 10, 1954.
85. “Buford, Another Polson Horse, Wins At Saratoga,” The Buffalo Commercial, August 6, 1918.
86. http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/billy-kelly.html, accessed December 5, 2020.
87. Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame, biography of Billy Kelly, inducted October 31, 2020.
88. Richard Blake, Slats: The Legend & Life of Jimmy Slattery, (2015), 36.
89. Jack Laing, “Billy Kelly Writes 30 to Colorful Sports Career,” Courier-Express, February 10, 1954.
90. Blake, Slats: The Legend & Life of Jimmy Slattery, 297.
91. Ibid.
92. Jerry Sullivan, “For Kelley, the beat went on and one,” Buffalo News, December 2, 2010.
93. Author interview with Mike Harrington on December 4, 2020.
94. John Vogl, “He had that much respect: 10 years on, Jim Kelley’s voice still reverberates,” www.theathletic.com, June 15, 2020.
95. Jerry Sullivan, “For Kelley, the beat went on and one,” Buffalo News, December 2, 2010.
96. Mike Harrington, “Ten years after his death, this will always be Jim Kelley’s space,” Buffalo News, December 12, 2020.
97. Mike Harrington, “Ten years after his death,” Buffalo News, December 12, 2020.
98. www.wgrz.com/author/jerry-sullivan, accessed on February 10, 2021.
99. Pergament, “Media Watch: News Columnist Jerry Sullivan,” Buffalo Spree, January 21, 2013.
100. Ibid.
101. Alan Pergament, “Collins, Mainstay of Local Public Broadcasting,” Buffalo News, February 7, 1997.
102. Bernard Simon, “U.S. Public TV Broadcasters tuning in on Canadian turn,” National Post, September 12, 1988.
103. Alan Pergament, “Collins, Mainstay of Local Public Broadcasting,” Buffalo News, February 7, 1997.
104. wgrz.com/article/weather/kevin-oconnell.
105. Alan Pergament, “Channel 2 weathercaster Kevin O’Connell’s 25-year run,” Buffalo News, July 13, 2018.
106. Ibid.
107. www.imdb.com, Kevin Cusick biography.
108. Email correspondence with Judge Matthew Murphy, III, on December 17, 2020.
109. Douglas Farley, “Matt Murphy - A Gentle Giant,” www.niagara2008.com/history131.html.
110. www.buffalobroadcasters.com, accessed on December 20, 2020.
111. Email correspondence with Mike Desmond on April 19, 2021.
112. https://news.wbfo.org/people/mike-desmond.
113. Light, From Butler to Buffett, 320.
114. James Fink, “Jack Connors to retire as Business First publisher,” Business First, October 26, 2017.
115. Author conversation with Jim Heaney, n.d.
116. www.pulitzer.org/finalists/james-heaney, accessed on December 17, 2020.
117. Light, From Butler to Buffett, 392.
118. Margaret Sullivan, Ghosting the News, 76.

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Chapter 9

1. Peter Quinn, Looking for Jimmy: A Search for Irish America, (Abrams Press, 2008), 228.
2. Ibid., 95.
3. Steven P. Erie, Rainbow’s End: Irish Americans and the Dilemmas, (University of California Press, 1990), 3.
4. Erie, Rainbow’s End, 2.
5. Richard D. McCarthy, “A Tribute to Buffalo’s First Ward Irish, Speech Delivered at the Transportation Club of Buffalo, Hotel Buffalo, March 17, 1966,” Buffalo History Museum, 70.
6. At a lecture I attended, Canisius College historian Dr. Bruce Dierenfield argued that speaking English gave the Irish a leg up in the political realm.
7. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 280.
8. Alyn Brodsky, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character, (Truman Talley Books, 2000), 40.
9. Ibid.
10. “Sheehan Must Now Resign: The Police Board is Not a Place for Defaulters,” New York Times, December 27, 1893.
11. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 280.
12. Tom Miller, “The 1893 Pequod Club-No. 267 W. 25th Street,” in blog Daytonian in Manhattan, April 2, 2013.
13. “Tammany Men Organize and Promise Good Work,” New York Times, August 13, 1892.
14. Miller, “The 1893 Pequod Club-No. 267 W. 25th Street.”
15. “It May Imprison Sheehan,” New York Times, December 8, 1894.
16. Miller, “The 1893 Pequod Club-No. 267 W. 25th Street.”
17. New York Times, May 30, 1899.
18. “William F. Sheehan,” Times Union (Brooklyn, NY), March 15, 1917.
19. “The Memorial Tribute to William Francis Sheehan,” Buffalo Times, 1917.
20. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 494.
21. New York Times, November 11, 1892.
22. “Sheehan is leading in Senate Contest,” New York Times, December 30, 1910.
23. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom, (Public Affairs, 2003), 56.
24. John Lord O’Brian, “The Reminiscences of John Lord O’Brian,” interview by Dean Alberston, (New York: Columbia University Oral History Research Office, 1953), 114.
25. “W.F. Sheehan Dead; Grief Hastens End,” The Sun (New York), March 15, 1917.
26. “William F. Sheehan,” Times Union (Brooklyn, NY), March 15, 1917.
27. “J.C. Sheehan Dies, Ex-Tammany Head,” New York Times, February 10, 1916.
28. In Memoriam: William F. Sheehan, January 21, 1919, 24-25. (booklet accessed at the Buffalo History Museum).
29. “The Closing Tribute to William F. Sheehan,” The Buffalo Times, March 18, 1917.
30. “Buffalo Sick of Sheehanism,” New York Times, December 29, 1893.
31. Margaret Kilgallon, “Irish Immigration to Buffalo’s First Ward,” manuscript, n.d., 21.
32. William Jenkins, “Deconstructing Diasporas,” Immigrants & Minorities, vol 23, July-Nov. 2005, 367.
33. Ibid., 367.
34. “Denouncing Sheehanites: Police Justice King Speaks His Mind,” New York Times, July 16, 1893.
35. “Buffalo Sick of Sheehanism,” New York Times, December 29, 1893.
36. New York Times, December 31, 1893.
37. In 2021, the owners of Jack White’s home on Richmond gave me a tour.
38. Kenneth Crawford, “Jack White-First Ward Legend,” Buffalo Times, June 27, 1933.
39. Richard Max McCarthy, “Jim Mead’s Story Began in a Hut By Side of Tracks,” Buffalo News, May 31, 1992.
40. Ibid.
41. Jack L. Reilly, “Jim” Mead-The Man, (n.d., but roughly 1950), a biographical brochure, 2-3.
42. Reilly, “Jim” Mead-The Man, 3.
43. Reilly, “Jim” Mead-The Man, 4.
44. Reilly, “Jim” Mead-The Man, 7.
45. “Ex-Senator Mead of NY Dies,” New York Times, March 16, 1964.
46. Biography of James M. Mead: Mead for Governor, (1946), campaign pamphlet.
47. Richard Max McCarthy, “Jim Mead’s Story Began in a Hut By Side of Tracks,” Buffalo News, May 31, 1992.
48. Ibid.
49. Reilly, “Jim” Mead-The Man, cover.
50. Donohue, History of Catholic Church in Buffalo, 412.
51. Daniel Driscoll’s father Timothy was a cousin of my great-great-grandfather Timothy Bohane.
52. Richard Dean McCarthy, Emerald Eagles: A History of My Family, (1960), unpublished, 21 (located at the Buffalo History Museum).
53. Richard Dean McCarthy, Emerald Eagles: A History of My Family, (1960).
54. Richard D. McCarthy, “A Tribute to Buffalo’s First Ward Irish,” 70.
55. McCarthy, Emerald Eagles, 90.
56. Douglas Turner, “Ridgeway, Where History is Served on a Teacart,” Buffalo News, September 7, 1992.
57. Grace Dannheiser, “Politics Needs Daring People Says Congressman’s Wife,” Journal News, June 17, 1970.
58. Karen Brady, “Max McCarthy Dies; News Writer, Ex-Congressman,” Buffalo News, May 6, 1995.
59. Ibid.
60. Barbara Whalen, “Gail McCarthy Creates Shock Waves,” The Journal Herald (Dayton, Ohio), May 12, 1969.
61. Mary McGrory, “Another McCarthy Explodes on the National Scene,” The Boston Globe, April 30, 1969.
62. Ibid.
63. The New York Times, April 23, 1969, and the quote on the back of The Ultimate Folly, by Richard D. McCarthy.
64. “Richard McCarthy Dies,” Washington Post, May 8, 1995.
65. Karen Brady, “Max McCarthy Dies; News Writer, Ex-Congressman,” Buffalo News, May 6, 1995.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Emma Brown, “Former House of Representatives doorkeeper Molloy dies at 75,” Washington Post, July 20, 2011.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. “Tim Russert and James T. Molloy,” NPR Story Corps, June 18, 2008.
72. Robert McCarthy, “James T. Molloy, Capitol Voice, dies,” Buffalo News, July 20, 2011.
73. Paul Huard, “Doorkeeper of the House lives politics,” The Desert Sun, February 13, 1994.
74. Ibid.
75. “Death Took John Cunneen Early Today,” Buffalo Times, February 21, 1907.
76. Max McCarthy, “The Buffalonian Who Tried to Keep FDR From Presidency,” Buffalo News, July 5, 1992.
77. “WH Fitzpatrick, Democratic Boss of Erie, Dies Here,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, January 7, 1932.
78. Max McCarthy, “The President’s Man in Buffalo—Dynamic Paul E. Fitzpatrick,” Buffalo News, December 6, 1992.
79. Ibid.
80. “Paul E. Fitzpatrick is Dead at 79; A New York Democratic Chairman,” New York Times, July 2, 1977.
81. Max McCarthy, “The President’s Man in Buffalo—Dynamic Paul E. Fitzpatrick,” Buffalo News, December 6, 1992.
82. John Fleming, “Paul E. Fitzpatrick Dies at 79, Ex-State, County Dem Chairman,” Courier-Express, July 2, 1977.
83. Max McCarthy, “The President’s Man in Buffalo—Dynamic Paul E. Fitzpatrick,” Buffalo News, December 6, 1992.
84. John Fleming, “Paul E. Fitzpatrick Dies at 79, Ex-State, County Dem Chairman,” Courier-Express, July 2, 1977.
85. Prior to William B. Mahoney, George B. Doyle ran the party from 1942-to 1947.
86. Sam Roberts, “Peter J. Crotty, Democratic Force in Western New York,” New York Times, March 4, 1992.
87. Douglas Turner, “Crotty Played Key Role In Kennedy’s Election,” Buffalo News, November 18, 2013.
88. Ibid.
89. Sam Roberts, “Peter J. Crotty, Democratic Force in Western New York,” New York Times, March 4, 1992.
90. John Nash, An Irish Story: The Migration of the Irish to Buffalo (Buffalo: John Nash, 2007), DVD.
91. Douglas Turner, “Crotty Played Key Role In Kennedy’s Election,” Buffalo News, November 18, 2013.
92. Ray Hill, “Parade of Memories Passes by in Saga of Old First Ward,” Buffalo News, March 17, 1984.
93. Sam Roberts, “Peter J. Crotty, Democratic Force in Western New York,” New York Times, March 4, 1992.
94. Robert McCarthy, “Democratic powerhouse Joseph F. Crangle,” Buffalo News, January 16, 2021.
95. Ibid.
96. Author interview with Joe Crangle, Jr. on February 5, 2022.
97. Ken Kruly, “Joe Crangle and the Democratic Party,” politicsandstuff.com, December 14, 2015.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid.
100. Author interview with Joe Crangle, Jr. on February 5, 2022.
101. Robert McCarthy, “Democratic powerhouse Joseph F. Crangle,” Buffalo News, January 16, 2021.
102. Ibid.
103. Author interview with Joe Crangle, Jr. on February 5, 2022.
104. Ibid.
105. Mark Wozniak, “Joe Crangle ‘historic’ Democratic Party Leader, dies at 88,” www.wbfo.org, January 12, 2021.
106. Robert J. McCarthy, “Analysis: ‘Chairman Joe Crangle Nurtured Top Talent,” Buffalo News, January 16, 2021.
107. Author interview with Len Lenihan, January 28, 2022.
108. Legislature of Erie County proclamation, “Honoring Leonard Lenihan’s Kenmore West High,” June 7, 2018.
109. Author interview with Len Lenihan, January 28, 2022.
110. Bill Lawley, Sr. personal correspondence with the author, December 21, 2011.
111. Ibid.
112. Anne McIlhenney Matthews, “Lawley to Receive Citation,” Courier-Express, January 29, 1969.
113. Ibid.
114. Marshall Brown, “Rocky, Top GOP Figures Honor Lawley at Dinner,” Courier-Express, December 19, 1967.
115. Alissa Kline, “Lawley is among best places to work in insurance,” Business First, December 29, 2017.
116. “City is in Excellent Shape for Dowd, Kelly Declares,” Buffalo Courier-Express, December 23, 1945.
117. “Dowd Quitting Drug Business After 25 Years,” Buffalo Courier-Express, November 10, 1945.
118. Walter H. Waggoner, “W.J. Mahoney Dies; An Ex-G.O.P. Chief,” New York Times, March 2, 1982.
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid.
121. Ibid.
122. “Richard J. Keane, Jr., longtime power in South Buffalo politics,” Buffalo News, October 22, 2008.
123. Tom Precious, “Tim Kennedy: From South Buffalo roots to Albany,” Buffalo News, January 2, 2019.
124. Ibid.
125. Email correspondence with Emily Reid on February 24, 2022.
126. Senator Tim Kennedy honored me with the 2021 Irish Echo Community Champion award.
127. Katrina Schollenberger, “Who is Kathy Hochul’s mom?” www.the-sun.com, August 25, 2021.
128. Ibid.
129. Kathy Hochul, “Celebrating the Irish-American Spirit this St. Patrick’s Day,” Irish Echo, March 16, 2021.
130. Jerry Zremski, “The Next Governor: Kathy Hochul is a Politician Who Leads,” Buffalo News, August 15, 2021.
131. Kathy Hochul, “Celebrating the Irish-American Spirit this St. Patrick’s Day,” Irish Echo, March 16, 2021.
132. Scally, “Hochul Holds Fast to Her Irish Heritage,” Irish Echo.
133. Nial O’Dowd, “Irish American May Become NY’s First Female Governor,” www.irishcentral.com, March 14, 2021.
134. Jerry Zremski, “Suddenly, Kathy Hochul is the Most Powerful,” Buffalo News, August 29, 2021.
135. Ibid.

---

Chapter 10

1. Charlie Bevis, Jimmy Collins: A Baseball Biography, (McFarland & Co., 2012), 20.
2. James H. Overfield, ed., The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball: 1857-2020, (Walsworth, 2020), 38.
3. Bevis, Jimmy Collins, 27.
4. Ibid., 86-87.
5. Ibid., 6.
6. Ibid., 197.
7. James H. Overfield, ed., The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball: 1857-2020 (2020), 222. Article written by Paul Langendorfer, in which he cited the Buffalo Express, April 24, 1922.
8. Overfield, ed., The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball: 1857-2020 (2020), 222.
9. Bevis, Jimmy Collins, 203.
10. “Daguerreotypes: James J. (Jimmy) Collins,” Sporting News, July 27, 1933, (no author).
11. Bevis, Jimmy Collins, 208.
12. Overfield, ed., The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball, 223.
13. Bevis, Jimmy Collins, 211.
14. Overfield, ed., The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball, 223.
15. Bevis, Jimmy Collins, 6.
16. Ibid., 221.
17. Overfield, The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball, 223.
18. Ibid., 211.
19. Ibid., 210.
20. As a Bison, Irish-born Foley was the first major league player to hit for the cycle (a single, double, triple and home run, in one game).
21. Overfield, ed., The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball, 72.
22. Overfield, ed., The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball, 73.
23. Ibid., 73.
24. Ibid., 232-233.
25. Joseph Durso, “Joe McCarthy: Yanks’ Ex-Manager, Dies at 90,” New York Times, January 14, 1978.
26. Buffalo Times, February 19, 1928.
27. “Mike Broderick is dead, fostered rowing in Buffalo,” Buffalo News, September 12, 1951.
28. Ibid.
29. “Ed McGuire Wins National Rowing Title,” Buffalo Courier, August 5, 1923.
30. “McGuire Accorded Rousing Send-Off by Mutual Club,” Buffalo Courier, Wednesday, May 28, 1924.
31. Bob DiCesare, “Athleticism runs in the Regan family,” Buffalo News, February 6, 2013.
32. Jerry Sullivan, “Emily Regan Carries her dad’s memory,” www.wivb.com, July 8, 2022.
33. Sean Gregory, “America’s Best Olympic Team Wins Gold Again,” Time, August 13, 2016.
34. Jerry Sullivan, “Emily Regan Carries her dad’s memory,” www.wivb.com, July 8, 2022.
35. Frank Wakefield, “Slattery Career Fit for Screen,” Buffalo News, July 29, 1984.
36. Tony Cardinale, “The Story of Jimmy Slattery,” The Buffalo Fan, 8.
37. Tim Graham, “A Good Life Scotched,” Buffalo News, August 22, 2006.
38. Ibid.
39. Rich Blake, Slats: The Legend & Life of Jimmy Slattery, (2015), 11.
40. Tim Graham, “A Good Life Scotched,” Buffalo News, August 22, 2006.
41. Frank Wakefield, “Slattery Career Fit for Screen,” Buffalo News, July 29, 1984.
42. Graham, “A Good Life Scotched,” Buffalo News, August 22, 2006.
43. Rich Blake, Slats: The Legend & Life of Jimmy Slattery, 352.
44. Daniel P. Starr, The Golden Age of Buffalo Sports: 1945-1950, (Buffalo: Buffalo Heritage Unlimited, 2009), 224.
45. Blake, Slats: The Legend & Life of Jimmy Slattery, 33.
46. Ibid., 39.
47. Damon Runyon, “Runyon Says:” Camden Courier, July 24, 1925.
48. Found in the “Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame” brochure, November 4, 2010.
49. Jeffrey J. Miller, Rockin’ The Rockpile: The Buffalo Bills of the American Football League, (2007), 69-70.
50. Miller, The Buffalo Bills of the American Football League, 70.
51. Author telephone interview with Bill Polian, November 27, 2019.
52. “Bills’ McGroder dead at 81,” Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester), January 16, 1986. Quote from O.J. Simpson.
53. UPI News Service, January 16, 1986, “A Memorial Service Will Be Held Monday for Patrick McGroder.”
54. From Bill Polian’s induction speech to the Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, on August 9, 2015.
55. Author telephone interview with Bill Polian, November 27, 2019.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Michael MacCambridge, “The Passion of Bill Polian,” Indianapolis Monthly, December 31, 2015.
59. Author telephone interview with Bill Polian, November 27, 2019.
60. Ibid.
61. Jim Kelly, Armed and Dangerous, (Doubleday, 1992), 81.
62. Author telephone interview with Bill Polian, November 27, 2019.
63. Kelly, Armed and Dangerous, 79.
64. Author telephone interview with Bill Polian, November 27, 2019.
65. Chuck Pollock, “Whaley Takes His Turn In Long History of Bills’ GMs,” Olean Times Herald, May 17, 2013.
66. Bill Polian biography on www.profootballhof.com, accessed on August 30, 2020.
67. MacCambridge, “The Passion of Bill Polian,” Indianapolis Monthly, December 31, 2015.
68. Author telephone interview with Bill Polian, November 27, 2019.
69. “Bill Polian’s 2015 Pro Football Hall of Fame” speech on August 9, 2015, accessed on YouTube on September 13, 2020.
70. Ibid.
71. Author telephone interview with Bill Polian, November 27, 2019.
72. Ibid.
73. Stephen Talty, “Kelly’s Heroes! Quarterback Jim Kelly on Family,” Irish America, December 1991/January 1992.
74. Ibid., 26.
75. Ibid., 26.
76. Ibid., 28.
77. Ibid., 26.
78. Ibid., 29.
79. Ibid., 29.
80. Kelly, Armed and Dangerous, 84.
81. John F. Bonfatti, “Kelly Fever: The Epidemic of 1986,” Western New York, December 1986, 16-17.
82. Ibid., 17. Kelly’s teammate Eugene Marve coined the term, “the Kelly phenomenon.”
83. Kelly, Armed and Dangerous, 91.
84. Ibid.
85. Gaughan, Mark. “Kelly was the Trigger Man During Best 11 Years,” Buffalo News, February 13, 1997.
86. Kelly, Armed and Dangerous, 158.
87. Kelly, Armed and Dangerous, 160.
88. Carucci, Vic. “GMs Like Kelly’s Chances When the Hall Comes Calling.” Buffalo News, February 13, 1997.
89. Jerry Sullivan. “Kelly Became a Symbol For Working-Class City,” Buffalo News, February 13, 1997.
90. All of Joe Horrigan’s great-grandparents came from Ireland.
91. Jeff Legwold, “Mr. Hall of Fame, Joe Horrigan, says goodbye,” www.espn.com, May 29, 2019.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Erik Brady, “From Buffalo to Canton,” Buffalo News, May 20, 2019.
96. Jeff Legwold, “Mr. Hall of Fame, Joe Horrigan, says goodbye,” www.espn.com, May 29, 2019.
97. Rachel Lenzi, “John McCarthy, former Canisius basketball star and NBA champion, dies at 86,” Buffalo News, June 23, 2020.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid.
100. Ibid.
101. Budd Bailey, “This Birthday in Buffalo Sports History’ Whitey Martin,” Buffalo News, April 11, 2012.
102. George Breen biography on the www.buffalosportshallfame.com website, accessed on August 24, 2022.
103. Ibid.
104. Bucky Gleason, “Buffalo’s Best: Women’s No. 7: Sue Walsh,” Buffalo News, February 20, 2016.
105. “Sue Walsh Sets Six World Records at U.S. Masters Swimming Championships,” www.tarheeltimes.com, August 15, 2007.
106. Bucky Gleason, “Buffalo’s Best: Women’s No. 7: Sue Walsh,” Buffalo News, February 20, 2016.
107. Dan Fisher, “This week: Mary Robertson Wittenberg,” www.buffalorising.com, n.d.
108. Running Times quote found in Jane Connelly, “Running It: Mary Wittenberg sets a fast pace for New York Road Runners,” Continental Airlines Magazine, October 2008.
109. “Wittenberg Takes New Job,” Buffalo News, May 12, 2015.
110. “NCAA Woman of the Year honored,” www.ncaa.org, November 4, 1991.
111. Erik Brady, “When you Wish Upon a Starr,” Canisius College Magazine, Spring 2000, 14.
112. “E.J. McGuire,” www.buffalosportshallfame.com, accessed on August 26, 2022.
113. John MacKinnon, “NHL loses a wonderful man, E.J. McGuire, gone at 58,” Edmonton Journal, April 7, 2011.
114. Will Graves, Patrick Kane: Hockey Superstar (2020), 5-7.
115. S.L. Price, “So Good, and So Far To Go,” Sports Illustrated, March 14, 2016.
116. Ibid.
117. Mike Harrington, “Kane Turns 30,” Buffalo News, November 18, 2018.
118. Author interview with Michael Harrington from the Buffalo News on December 4, 2020, and S.L. Price, “So Good, and So Far To Go,” Sports Illustrated, March 14, 2016.

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Chapter 11

1. “Latest News from California and Mexico,” The Daily Republic (Washington, DC), July 30, 1849.
2. Elisabeth Dodds, “Buffalo’s Famed Gen. Riley is the Symbol of an Epoch,” Buffalo News, January 20, 1945.
3. John C. Fredriksen, “Bennet Riley,” American National Biography (accessed online www.anb.org), 1999.
4. “Late from California,” Fayetteville Weekly Observer, August 7, 1849.
5. Some sources claim he was born in Alexandria, Virginia.
6. “Hero of Two Wars,” Buffalo Evening News, April 16, 1892.
7. Susannah Ural Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle, 1861-1865, NYU Press, 2006, 36-37.
8. Angela Keppel, “Which Buffalonian was also a Governor of California,” www.buffalostreets.com, July 11, 2016.
9. Pam Nordstrom, “San Patricio Battalion,” www.tshaonline.org, December 1, 1995.
10. Ibid.
11. “Hero of Two Wars,” Buffalo Evening News, April 16, 1892.
12. Elisabeth Dodds, “Buffalo’s Famed Gen. Riley is the Symbol of an Epoch,” Buffalo News, January 20, 1945.
13. Ibid.
14. Angela Keppel, “Which Buffalonian was also a Governor of California,” www.buffalostreets.com, July 11, 2016.
15. Elisabeth Dodds, “Buffalo’s Fame Gen. Riley is the Symbol of an Epoch,” Buffalo News, January 20, 1945.
16. “Tea Chairman Appoints Eight,” Buffalo News, Oct. 24, 1939.
17. John C. Fredriksen, “Bennet Riley,” American National Biography (accessed online www.anb.org), 1999.
18. Frank A. Boyle, A Party of Mad Fellows (Dayton, Ohio: Morningside House, 1996), 16.
19. David Bertuca, personal communication with the author, September 12, 2011.
20. David J. Bertuca, “Buffalo Irish and the Civil War,” Buffalo Irish Times, December 2009-January 2010.
21. Buffalo Irish Times, February 2009.
22. Frank A. Boyle, A Party of Mad Fellows, 358.
23. “An Irish Story: The Migration of the Irish to Buffalo and Western New York” by John Nash, 2007, DVD.
24. Boyle, A Party of Mad Fellows, 408.
25. George D. Emerson, “The Late Rebellion,” Buffalo Commercial, April 10, 1878.
26. Smith, History of Buffalo, vol. I, 287.
27. Karen Kovach, The Life and Times of MG Dennis E. Nolan (1872-1956): The Army’s First G2, 6.
28. New York Times, August 2, 1931 “Noted West Point Athletes Who Have Become Generals.”
29. James Gilbert, World War I and the Origins of U.S. Military Intelligence (2012), 11.
30. Karen Kovach, The Life and Times of MG Dennis E. Nolan (1872-1956): The Army’s First G2, 15.
31. Ibid.
32. James Gilbert, World War I and the Origins of U.S. Military Intelligence (2012), 186-87.
33. Karen Kovach, The Life and Times of MG Dennis E. Nolan (1872-1956): The Army’s First G2, 39.
34. Ibid., 42.
35. Ibid., 46.
36. Ibid., preface.
37. Ibid., 36.
38. Ibid., 27.
39. Ibid., 30.
40. Ibid., 32.
41. Anthony Cave Brown, Wild Bill Donovan: the Last Hero (Times Books, 1982), 13.
42. Ibid., 15-16.
43. Richard Dunlop, Donovan: America’s Master Spy, (Skyhorse, 2014), 10.
44. Brown, Wild Bill Donovan: the Last Hero, 15.
45. Ibid., 17.
46. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 18.
47. Ibid.
48. Information from Congressional Medal of Honor citation presented to Lt. Colonel William J. Donovan.
49. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 4.
50. Ibid., 221.
51. Ibid., 229.
52. “Buffalo’s Wild Bill Donovan,” documentary produced by WNED, November 11, 2007.
53. Nathalia Holt, “The Women Who Helped to Build the CIA,” The Wall Street Journal, September 24, 2022.
54. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 506.
55. Judge Salvatore Martoche, lecture at the Buffalo History Museum attended by author, June 2, 2010.
56. Dunlop, America’s Master Spy, 4.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. “Buffalo is Proud of Alice Lord O’Brian,” Buffalo Times, April 1, 1919.
60. Ibid.
61. Anna Wachtel, “There is No Glamour Here: The Overseas Life and Letters of Alice Lord O’Brian,” Western New York Heritage, Spring 2019.
62. Ibid.
63. William Milhomme, “The Priest Aboard the Doomed USS Indianapolis,” Faith Magazine, December 21, 1995.
64. Ibid.
65. Sean Kirst, “‘Jimmy’ Crotty, one of Coast Guard’s greatest heroes,” Buffalo News, October 27, 2019.
66. Ibid.
67. “On U.S. Coast Guard Birthday, Congressman Higgins Remembers Buffalo Native,” www.higgins.house.gov, August 4, 2022.
68. “South Buffalo Welcomes Hero In Sale of Bonds,” Buffalo Evening News, June 19, 1944.
69. David Rigby, Wade McClusky and the Battle of Midway, (Osprey, 2019), 51.
70. Ibid, 51.
71. Ibid, 54.
72. “Wade McClusky: Hero of the Battle of Midway,” www.theamerican.co.uk, accessed October 12, 2020.
73. Rigby, Wade McClusky, 219.
74. Rigby, Wade McClusky, 19.
75. Article provided by Arnold Olson, http://www.cv6.org/company/accounts/wmcclusky/.
76. Rigby, Wade McClusky, 350.
77. “Wade McClusky: Hero of the Battle of Midway,” www.theamerican.co.uk, accessed October 12, 2020.

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Chapter 12

1. Francis M. Carroll, America and the Making of an Independent Ireland (NYU Press, 2021), 202.
2. E. Littell, “The Fenians in Canada,” The Living Age, vol. 89 (Boston: Littell, Sons, and Company, 1866), 406.
3. Christopher Klein, When the Irish Invaded Canada (Anchor, 2019), 44-47.
4. “Fenian Flag,” The Buffalo Commercial, December 1, 1902.
5. C. Douglas Kohler, “For I Never Would Have Surrendered: The 1866 Fenian Invasion of Canada,” Western New York Heritage Magazine 13, no.4 (Winter 2011): 12.
6. Hugh Mooney served as Captain in the NY 155th during the Civil War and suffered serious wounds in battle. He tried to rescue the Fenians from Canada, but was arrested by U.S. authorities on the USS Michigan.
7. Kohler, “For I Never Would Have Surrendered: The 1866 Fenian Invasion of Canada,”13.
8. Ibid., 14.
9. Ibid., 16.
10. Bradley A. Rogers, Guardian of the Great Lakes: The U.S. Paddle Frigate Michigan (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), 113.
11. Ibid., 119.
12. “Fenian Raid(s) in Upper and Lower Canada,” accessed on January 15, 2011, http://www.doyle.com.au/fenian_raids.htm.
13. Mabel Gregory Walker, The Fenian Movement (Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles Publisher,1969), 103.
14. “Meade came here to quell Fenians,” Buffalo Evening News, November 9, 1963.
15. Walker, Fenian Movement, 126.
16. Edward Lonergan, spelled Langergan, is living in the First Ward with his parents and he is a joiner (1865 NY State Census).
17. Jenkins, Between Raid to Rebellion, 184.
18. “Fenian Leader’s Stirring Career Told by Friend,” Buffalo Evening News, December 13, 1901.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Klein, When the Irish Invaded Canada, 141.
22. Ibid., 141.
23. Ibid., 191.
24. Klein, When the Irish Invaded Canada, 278.
25. Ibid.
26. Edward Alfred D’Alton, History of Ireland: From the Earliest of Times, vol.6 (London: Gresham Pub Company, 1911), 281.
27. Catholic Union and Times, January 29, 1880.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid. ($7,000 is equivalent to $154,000 in 2010).
30. “Land League, St. Stephen’s Hall,” Buffalo Courier-Express, March 24, 1935.
31. Ely M. Janis, “Petticoat Revolutionaries: Gender, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Irish Land League in the United States,” Journal of American Ethnic History 27, no.2 (Winter 2008): 18.
32. Michael Davitt, The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland (London: Harper and Brothers, 1904), 365. New York City held an unofficial convention the year before Buffalo.
33. “The Land League, Opening of the National Convention,” Buffalo Morning Express, January 13, 1881.
34. Ibid., 366.
35. “James Mooney,” The Buffalo News, June 17, 1910.
36. Jenkins, Between Raid to Rebellion, 187.
37. In a memoir by one of his grandsons.
38. Jenkins, Between Raid to Rebellion, 103 and 187.
39. T.P. O’Connor and R.M. McWade, Gladstone-Parnell and the Great Irish Struggle (Hubbard Brothers, 1886), 533.
40. “Michael Davitt in Buffalo,” New York Times, June 30, 1882.
41. “James Never Heard of his Brother’s End,” The Buffalo Times, June 16, 1910.
42. Carroll, America and the Making of an Independent Ireland, 3.
43. Jim Madden, www.findagrave.com, “John Joseph ‘Exile McBride’ McBride,” December 16, 2016.
44. The Buffalo Times, “McBride Kidnapped: A Bold Attempt to Lug Him Off to Canada,” December 28, 1883.
45. “Gerot’s Big Blowout,” The Buffalo Times, December 28, 1883.
46. Jim Madden, www.findagrave.com, “John Joseph ‘Exile McBride’ McBride,” December 16, 2016.
47. “Exile” McBride Dead,” Boston Globe, February 10, 1911.
48. “Exile John J. McBride is Dead,” Buffalo Courier, February 9, 1911.
49. “John A. Murphy,” The Buffalo Times, May 3, 1922.
50. “John A. Murphy Dies in Sister’s Home, Ireland,” The Buffalo News, April 13, 1922.
51. Jenkins, Between Raid to Rebellion, 331-2.
52. Ibid., 351.
53. Carroll, America and the Making of an Independent Ireland (2021), 20.
54. William J. Butler, “Alleged Abuses Suffered by Irish Termed Inhuman,” Buffalo Courier, July 14, 1919.
55. Margaret Macmillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, (Random House, 2001), 11.
56. “John A. Murphy,” The Buffalo Times, May 3, 1922.
57. “John T. Ryan,” The Buffalo Enquirer, June 8, 1918.
58. Jenkins, Raid to Rebellion, 311.
59. “John Devoy, Irish-American Leader, Mixed in Bomb Plot,” The San Francisco Examiner, May 4, 1916.
60. “Ryan Caught in Ohio City Report Says,” Buffalo Morning Express, January 23, 1919.
61. “J.T. Ryan Still Sought By U.S. Authorities,” Buffalo Commercial, August 19, 1920.
62. “Death of Spy Paves Way for the Return to Buffalo of John T. Ryan,” Buffalo Courier, August 19, 1920.
63. “John T. Ryan in Red Russia, Says British,” Buffalo Enquirer, June 10, 1921.
64. Eighty years later, the Lackawanna Six who trained in a terrorist camp but never planned attacks on America, but with convicted with lengthy prison sentences must wonder how Ryan was not sentenced.
65. “Seek Republic Rule For Erin,” Buffalo Commercial, January 27, 1923.
66. Francis M. Carroll, “Joseph McGarrity,” www.dib.ie, accessed October 24, 2022.
67. “High Irish Officials Send Condolences to Ryan Family,” Buffalo Evening News, June 12, 1937.
68. “National Sinn Fein League,” Catholic Union and Times, August 13, 1908.
69. William Jenkins, “Deconstructing Diasporas: Networks and Identities among the Irish in Buffalo and Toronto, 1870-1910,” Immigrants and Minorities, 23 (2005), 379.
70. History of Niagara Frontier (1931), vol IV, 156-159.
71. “In Memory of Robert Emmet,” Catholic Union and Times, March 4, 1909.
72. “Agitator for Irish Republic Dies Here,” Buffalo News, August 29, 1932.
73. “Parnell’s Memory to be Honored,” Buffalo Sunday Morning News, November 19, 1899.
74. “Irish Convention Stampeded For President Ryan,” Buffalo Evening Times, September 29, 1910.
75. “United Irish League Convention Next Week,” Catholic Union and Times, September 22, 1910.
76. “We Should Not Be Asked For Proof Why Ireland Should Be Free,” Buffalo Times, December 23, 1919.
77. Irish National Bureau Newsletter-No 27, January 2, 1920, Lynch Family Archives (Diarmuid Lynch), and Buffalo Times, December 23, 1919.
78. “Question Is Not Why Ireland Should Be Free, Says De Valera,” Buffalo Courier, December 23, 1919.
79. Ibid.
80. “The Bond Drives Does not Lag,” Catholic Union and Times, March 25, 1920.
81. “Never Will Be Able to Govern Ireland,” Catholic Union and Times, June 3, 1920.
82. A search of Buffalo newspapers at the time shows numerous letters to the editor or quotes from members denying involvement in providing money for weapons.
83. “Irish Women Hit Arms Flow,” Spokane Daily Chronicle, October 5, 1976.

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Chapter 13

1. From her grandson John MacManus’s account referenced in chapter one.
2. “Anniversary of St. Patrick’s Day,” The Buffalo Republic, March 20, 1848.
3. “He Was A Gentleman,” Buffalo Morning Express, March 18, 1876.
4. “St. Patrick’s Day,” Buffalo Courier, March 17, 1876.
5. “Me Patrick’s Pot,” Buffalo News, March 18, 1887.
6. “Me Patrick’s Pot,” Buffalo News, March 18, 1887. The author listed grand marshals of the past including: Patrick Short, James Short, Patrick Hamilton, Thomas Kennedy, Lackey Y. Conway, Con. Donohue, John Rose, Pat Scanlon, Patrick O’Day, Timothy Cochrane, Capt. Michael Loftus, Pat Goodwin, Ed Lynch, Jim O’Donnell, John Corcoran, Patrick M. Kane, the Corriston brothers, John Cantillon and C.J. Farrell.
7. After Anne Neville’s Buffalo News column, I reviewed every Buffalo paper in 1913 including the Catholic Times and there was no mention of a parade. So my section about a 1913 parade in Against the Grain was almost certainly erroneous. In a 2014 Buffalo News article, reporter Anne Neville untangled this controversy.
8. “Thousands Cheer Host Marching in Honor of Ireland,” Buffalo Courier, March 18, 1915. The Buffalo Times reported 3,000 marchers, and “Irish Airs Stirred Blood of Marchers in Great Parade,” Buffalo Times, March 18, 1915.
9. “Erin’s Sons 10,000 Strong March Mid Cheering Throngs,” Buffalo Courier, March 18, 1917 and “St. Patrick’s Day Observed by City,” Buffalo Enquirer, March 18, 1918.
10. “Irish Paraders Dare Wind, Cold,” Buffalo Times, March 16, 1935.
11. “Wearers o’ Green Banish Winter’s Blues,” Buffalo Evening News, March 17, 1980.
12. Lori Overdorf, “The Story Behind the ‘Old Neighborhood’ St. Patrick’s Day Parade,” The Buffalo Downtowner, Vol. 5 issue 3: 5.
13. Anthony Reyes, “Buffalo’s ‘Old Neighborhood’ St. Patrick’s Day Parade,” www.wkbw.com, January 18, 2023.
14. Bob Curran, “Irish Import Shop Is In the Pink, Though Green Is Favorite Color,” Buffalo News, August 23, 1992.
15. Bob Curran, “Seldom-seen side of Irish culture celebrated at 9th annual festival,” Buffalo News, August 18, 1991.
16. Bob Curran, “3-Day Fest Gives Occasion to Define Word ‘Narrowback,’” Buffalo News, August 20, 1995.
17. Kathy Byrns Mandola, “The Buffalo Irish Center 2018,” Buffalo Irish Times, 2018.
18. Rich Blake, “Buffalo Irish Center Looks to its Past to Build for Future,” Buffalo Irish Times, October 2018.
19. Most of Mike Byrne’s information came from an interview with his daughter Dymphna Browne on August 27, 2020.
20. Rich Blake wrote that other early volunteers included John Hartigan, John Plunkett, Dennis Sullivan, Fred Conway, John Callahan and Kiernan Harrington.
21. Most of Mike Byrne’s information came from an interview with his daughter Dymphna Browne on August 27, 2020.
22. Rich Blake, “Buffalo Irish Center Looks to its Past to Build for Future” Buffalo Irish Times, October 2018.
23. WNED PBS, “Mary Heneghan/Making Buffalo Home,” March 3, 2020.
24. Ibid.
25. Helen Jones, “Where Irish eyes are smiling,” Buffalo News, April 19, 2010.
26. Scott Scanlon, “Mary C. Heneghan, 76, made Irish culture her stock, trade and passion,” Buffalo News, August 8, 2022.
27. Ibid.
28. Although the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick had a St. Patrick’s Day banquet in 1846.
29. Bob Curran, “‘Irish Rickles’ to Preside at First Dinner for Ancient Order of Hibernians Here,” Buffalo News, June 8, 1980.
30. “Knights of Equity Ceremony,” The Buffalo Enquirer, January 23, 1904.
31. Bob Curran, “Amherst Gaelic League’s annual event,” Buffalo News, March 6, 1994.
32. Ibid.
33. “Daughter of Erin Makes 32 Cloaks for Sunday Parade,” Buffalo News, March 19, 1964.
34. “Amherst Gaelic League to honor Maureen and Jack Fecio,” The Front Page (Blasdell, New York), March 6, 2002.
35. “The Irish Bagpipe,” Catholic Union and Times, September 5, 1901.
36. “Revival of Irish Dances,” Buffalo Enquirer, July 18, 1912.
37. Noreen McMorrow Buckley, “Letters,” Buffalo Irish Times, November 1992.
38. Jack Allen, “Irish Programs,” Courier-Express, March 17, 1961.
39. “The 50th Buffalo Feis, Saturday, June 6th at the Events Center,” www.cpowny.com, March 8, 2015.
40. List of founders, “Irish Musicians in Front Rank,” Catholic Union and Times, October 3, 1912. Founding members included George P. Robinson, Thomas J. Reid, Thomas D. Hooley, Thomas A. Davis, Owen McDonough, James Blake, Patrick McCarthy, John J. Masterson and L.P. Oishei.
41. “Irish Musicians in Front Rank,” Catholic Union and Times, October 3, 1912.
42. “Hibernian Drum Corps Planning Big Field Day,” Buffalo Courier, July 25, 1913.
43. “Irish Airs Stirred Blood of Marchers in Great Parade,” Buffalo Times, March 18, 1915.
44. Bob Curran, “Blarney Bunch Setting the Irish Pace,” Buffalo News, August 12, 1984.
45. Jeff Miers, “Working-Class Band,” Buffalo News, March 1, 2002.
46. “Karpe’s Comment,” Buffalo News, April 1, 1925.
47. Tyler Dunne, “Gaelic Football Takes Root on New Sod,” Buffalo News, May 9, 2011.
48. Email correspondence with Paul Mulcaire on November 30, 2023.
49. Barbara O’Brien, “Gaelic football, a mix of several different sports,” Buffalo News, July 27, 2017.
50. Author interview with Dr. Richard Thompson on November 1, 2017, at his house on Summit Avenue.
51. Biographical information from Dr. Thompson’s colleague Dr. Robert Butler, October 17, 2023.
52. Ibid.
53. Transcript from Sister Martin Joseph Jones’s interview of Dr. Fraser Drew on October 26, 1977.
54. Dale Anderson, “Patrick E. Martin, 70, arranged to bring lost Mark Twain manuscript back to Buffalo,” Buffalo News, May 22, 2019.
55. “Patrick E. Martin, 70, arranged to bring lost Mark Twain manuscript back to Buffalo,” Buffalo News, May 22, 2019.
56. Ibid.
57. James Maynard, ed., Discovering James Joyce (2009), foreword by Michael Basinski, 11.
58. Jim Maynard, video about University at Buffalo’s James Joyce Collection, viewed on November 10, 2020.
59. “That all books might published be: Sylvia Beach’s Ulysses,” UB Libraries Today, Fall 2022.
60. James Maynard, ed., Discovering James Joyce (2009), foreword by Michael Basinski, 12-15.
61. Jim Maynard, video about University at Buffalo’s James Joyce Collection, viewed on November 10, 2020.
62. Christopher Schobert, “James Joyce, Man About Town,” Buffalo Spree, June 2009.
63. “Moving Forward: NEH grant funds design plans for James Joyce Museum,” UB Libraries Today, Fall 2022.
64. Senator Tim Kennedy’s remarks at the June 16, 2023 announcement of $10 million in funding.

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Chapter 14

1. William Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” Eire-Ireland, Volume 37 (2002), 170.
2. Transcript of Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, May 17, 1966.
3. “Disorderly Bars Must Go, Says Regan,” Buffalo Courier, April 1, 1910.
4. William Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” in New Directions in Irish-American History, ed. Kevin Kenny (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 173.
5. Transcript of Richard D. McCarthy’s speech to the Transportation Club of Buffalo, May 17, 1966.
6. Jenkins, Immigrants & Minorities, 366.
7. William Jenkins, “In the Shadow of a Grain Elevator,” 170.
8. Jerry Malloy, correspondence with the author, November 20, 2011.
9. 1870 US Federal Census, search for Patrick Kane. My great-great grandfather, Timothy Bohane (sp. Boughen was one of the twenty-one Irish boarders).
10. Mark Sommer, “Harbor Inn Razed,” Buffalo News, April 4, 2003.
11. John Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front and Life in the First Ward in the Twenties, Thirties and Forties” (unpublished manuscript, April 9, 1982), 115.
12. Gene Warner, “Wharf site envisioned for tavern hit by winds,” Buffalo News, January 11, 2008.
13. John Baldyga, “Trip Around Buffalo’s Water Front and Life in the First Ward,” 23.
14. Ibid., 43.
15. John Brinkworth is the author’s great-great-great grandfather on his paternal side.
16. Tom Buckham, “Indictment Ends Brinkworth Role as Untouchable,” Buffalo News, May 12, 1991.
17. Ibid.
18. Dale Anderson, A Beerdrinker’s Guide to Buffalo Bars, (1985), 31.
19. Ibid., 31 and “The Shebeen Revamps,” Buffalo News, March 26, 1982.
20. Dale Anderson, A Beerdrinker’s Guide to Buffalo Bars, (Brouhaha Publishing, 1985), 3.
21. Dale Anderson, “Patrick C. McGinty, 83, colorful Irish pubkeeper,” Buffalo News, August 30, 2023.
22. Dale Anderson, “Eddie Brady, 70, Buffalo bartending legend inspired many,” Buffalo News, July 8, 2022.
23. Sharon Linstedt, “Wee bit o’ change,” Buffalo News, July 5, 2001.
24. Forgotten Buffalo: Irish Buffalo Pub Tour
25. Conversation with Kevin Townsell, March 2023, at the Banshee Pub.
26. Bob Curran, “Sounds, Tastes of Ireland Find Home in Cheektowaga,” Buffalo News, May 16, 1982.
27. Scott Scanlon, “Raise A Glass to Buffalo Beer,” Buffalo News, September 20, 2017.
28. “Abbott Square to Host Buffalo Beer Festival,” The Front Page (Blasdell, New York), November 4, 1992.
29. Darryl Campagna, “From Another Conflict Monument,” Buffalo News, September 25, 2002.
30. Dan Murphy, “Buffalo’s Fenian Uprising,” Buffalo Spree, June 7, 2012.
31. Rose Ciotta, “Emotions Soar at Dedication of Waterfront Park,” Buffalo News, July 18, 1977.
32. Ray O’Hanlon, “Hibernians, Schumer, Rush to Save Ship,” Irish Echo, April 18, 2022.
33. “Edward M. Cotter is Dead,” Buffalo Evening News, September 30, 1954.
34. Austin Fox, “The Old Post Office,” brochure, 1982.
35. “Col. Moulton Settles an Oft-Repeated Rumor,” Buffalo Commercial, September 10, 1896.
36. According to Tripadvisor website.
37. Robert J. McCarthy, “Slain IRS Agent Honored In Courthouse Renaming,” Buffalo News, June 8, 1987.

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Chapter 15

1. Tom Krzeminski, interview with the author, April 29, 2010.
2. Michael Rizzo, Through the Mayors’ Eyes, (Lulu, 2009), 347.
3. Ibid.
4. James H. Overfield, ed., The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball: 1857-2020, (2020), 302.
5. Kevin Prise, “Griffin Statue Unveiled at Coca-Cola Field,” www.milb.com, August 17, 2012.
6. Overfield, The Seasons of Buffalo Baseball, 198.
7. Rizzo, Through the Mayor’s Eyes, 362.
8. Buffalo News, May 26, 2008.
9. Nicole Peradotto, “The Mighty Quinn,” Buffalo News, September 29, 1996.
10. Author interview with Larry Quinn on June 11, 2019.
11. Nicole Peradotto, “The Mighty Quinn,” Buffalo News, September 29, 1996.
12. “Harry A. Quinn, engineer on major area projects,” Buffalo News, August 7, 2009.
13. Dale Anderson, “Five Years and Counting,” Buffalo News, February 27, 1987.
14. James Heaney, “Q&A: Larry Quinn,” www.investigativepost.org, October 22, 2012.
15. Kevin Collison, “Workers rush to get kinks out of new arena,” Buffalo News, September 19, 1996.
16. Author interview with Michael Harrington, Buffalo News columnist, on December 4, 2020.
17. Ibid.
18. Jourdon LaBarber, “10 Years Later: A Look Back at the 1st NHL Winter Classic,” www.nhl.com, January 1, 2018.
19. Tim O’Shei, “Production studio may be the lure Buffalo needs,” Buffalo News, July 5, 2020.
20. Nicole Peradotto, “The Mighty Quinn,” Buffalo News, September 29, 1996.
21. Tim O’Shei, “Quinntessence,” Buffalo Business First, September 23, 2004.
22. Annie Deck, “Education Is Key To Better Life, Lawyer Says,” Business First.
23. Thomas Beecher biography on the www.barrantys.com website.
24. Thomas R. Beecher, Sunday Suppers: Menus, Recipes and Stories, August 2009, self-published, 89.
25. “Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus” PowerPoint presentation from 2014, shared by Tom Beecher.
26. Tracey Drury, “Medical School Building Next Step in Beecher’s Vision,” Business First, December 15, 2017.
27. Ibid.
28. Annie Deck, “Education Is Key To Better Life, Lawyer Says,” Business First.
29. Upstart NY: Thomas R. Beecher Innovation Center.
30. Mark Goldman, City of My Heart (Friends of the Buffalo Story, 2021), 61.
31. Mark Goldman, City of My Heart (Friends of the Buffalo Story, 2021), 65.
32. Ibid., 65.
33. Ibid., 65.
34. Mark Sommer, “$52 million later, Darwin Martin complex restoration,” Buffalo News, July 22, 2019.
35. TripAdvisor: Buffalo Attractions.
36. Terry Golway, “New York’s Moynihan: A Museum’s Tribute,” Observer, April, 5, 2004.
37. Author interview with Larry Quinn on June 11, 2019.
38. Terry Golway, “New York’s Moynihan: A Museum’s Tribute,” Observer, April, 5, 2004.
39. Fortunately a few rooms were preserved and moved off-site.
40. List of other founders from Susan Eck’s, “The Metcalfe House’s Last Days,” on www.wnyhistory.org.
41. Phil Fairbanks, “Metcalfe House is long way from home,” Buffalo News, July 7, 1991.
42. Susan Eck’s, “The Metcalfe House’s Last Days: 125 North Street.”
43. “Susan McCartney Receives ‘Preservationist of Century Award,” greaterbuffalo.blogs.com, October 31, 2011.
44. Mark Goldman, City of My Heart, 65.
45. Ibid., 111.
46. “Susan McCartney Receives ‘Preservationist of Century Award,” October 31, 2011.
47. “Dr. Francis W. O’Donnell II, pioneering chest surgeon, dies,” Buffalo News, June 26, 2003.
48. Dale Anderson, “After 20 Years,” Buffalo News, February 20, 1997.
49. Anthony Bannon, “South Park,” Buffalo News, August 2, 1985.
50. LALH Preservation Heroes: Patricia M. O'Donnell.
51. Mark Sommer, “Bringing back the forest,” Buffalo News, March 9, 2012.
52. 2021 National Preservation Awards.
53. LALH Preservation Heroes: Patricia M. O'Donnell.
54. 2021 National Preservation Awards.
55. Garden Walk Buffalo interview with Gail McCarthy on July 26, 2018.
56. Garden Walk Buffalo - Our Story.
57. An ice boom is an apparatus of connected steel pontoons put into Lake Erie in the winter to reduce the spring ice flow down the Niagara River.
58. “Longtime Valley Community Association Exec Director to retire,” www.wgrz.com, July 27, 2022.
59. Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, “Philanthropist and Civic Leader Anne Gioia Reappointed to Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Board of Directors,” April 20, 2017.
60. Anthony Gioia, “Roswell Park Alliance was born out of tragedy,” Buffalo News, July 28, 2014.
61. Tracey Drury, “Building Better Buffalo: Mitch Flynn Embodies the Ride,” Business First, November 29, 2021.
62. Ibid.
63. Tracey Drury, “Ted Walsh Jr. works to build innovation in Buffalo,” Buffalo Business First, June 20, 2022.
64. “Book of Lists,” Business First, 2023, 222.
65. “John S. ‘Jack’ Cullen, Civic Leader, founder of Multisorb,” Buffalo News, September 16, 2010.
66. Ibid.
67. Peter Simon, “$2 million gift to St. Joe’s,” Buffalo News, November 17, 2006.
68. Jana Eisenberg, “Irish in WNY: Congressman Brian Higgins, Building on his Irish history,” Buffalo Spree, October 2015.
69. Ibid.
70. Donn Esmonde, “One Man’s Crusade for the Waterfront,” Buffalo News, October 21, 2002.
71. Much of the biographical information and timeline in the Congressman Brian Higgins’ section was provided by Theresa Kennedy and Megan Corbett.
72. Donn Esmonde, “Higgins speaks truth to power,” Buffalo News, September 23, 2005.
73. Mark Sommer, “Donation honors retired Rich executive,” Buffalo News, December 25, 2015.
74. Ibid.
75. Jerry Zremski, “EPA to Test, Measure Longtime Buffalo River Cleanup,” Buffalo News, December 26, 2021.
76. Information and timeline in the Congressman Brian Higgins’ section was provided by Theresa Kennedy.
77. Buffalo News editorial board, July 22, 2019.